???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 29 ?????? 2015 ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????. ^[1]

???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? .

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ? ??????? ????????? goethite ??????? ???????? phyllosilicate .

??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ≪?????? ?????? ??????? mars reconnaissance orbiter≫ ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? HiRISE ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????.

??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ≪??????? phoenix≫ ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????.

????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????.

?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ≪??????? 9 ?? Mariner 9≫ ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ≪???? ???????≫ ?? "valles marineris" ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? 4000 ?? ???? ?200 ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ≪?????? ???????≫ ?? ??? ???? ??????? .

?????? ?????? ≪??????? Viking≫ ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????.

?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? "gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer GCMS" ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? 1% . ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????.

• ???????≪???? ?????? ?????? mars global surveyor≫ ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????-30 ??? ??????? ????- ?? ????? ??olivine ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? -??? ????- ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? goethite ??????? ?????? hematite ????? ?? olivine ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.
• ????? ≪?????? ?????? mars pathfinder≫ ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? -8 ???? ????? ??? ?????? -78 ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? 6.75 ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? 1000 ????? ???.
• ??????? ≪???? ?????? Mars Odyssey≫ ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? "Gamma ray spectrometer" ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????.

???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? 500 ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? 5 ?? 10 ??????? ???.

• ????? ≪???????≫ ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ≪???? ??????≫ ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 2008.
• ????????? " "spirit?opportunity" ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????.
• ???????? HiRISE ???????? ?? ??????? ≪?????? ?????? ???????mars reconnaissance orbiter≫ ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ≪?????? ??????≫ ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

• ??? ???? ???? ?????

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ?????? ??? ??????

• ????? ??? ???????
• ????? ??? ?????
• ????? ???????? ???????
• ????? ???????
• ????? ??????
• ????? ??????
• ????? ??? ??????? ??????
• ????? ???