?????? ?? ??????

?????? ?? ??????
	????? 1885 ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? 1885 ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????
?????
???? ??? ???????? ??? ???????
??????	0.075 (2012)
?????	6th
???? ????? ??????? ??? 100.000	5 (2010)
?????? ?? ???????	42.5% (2012)
?????? ???? ?? 25 ?? ??????? ???????	100.0% (2010)
?????? ?? ????? ???????	68%
???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????
??????	0.8421 (2013)
?????	2nd ?? 136
	????? ????? - ?????

?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??≪???? ????? ?? ????????≫ ? ≪???????? ?????????≫ ??? ??????. ^[3]

?? ??? 1906? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????. ^[4] ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ^[4] ??? ??????? ????????? .

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? (???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????).

?? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? (??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? )? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????.

?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ≪???? ?? ?????? ?????≫. ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???????. ^[3] ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???:

≪ ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????. ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????. ≫

^[5]

????????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ^[3]

?????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ???? / ???? ??? ??????? . ¼ ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? . ^[6]

??? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?????: 5,364,546

?????? ??????: 2,632,309

?????? ??????: 2,732,237 ^[7]

????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ??????? ??????: 79.69

??????: 76.24 ???

??????: 83.29 ??? ^[8]

???? ?????? ?? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? 600 ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1809? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? (1718-1771)? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ^[9]

???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???? 1809-1917? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? .

?? ??? 1863 ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 1872? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ^[10]

??? ???????? ?? ??? 1906 ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????.

????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????.

?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? 19 ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1926.

??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? 2000 ??????? ????? ?? ??? 2006.

???? ?????????? ?????????? ??? 2011? ??? ????? ?????? 42,5?.

?? ??? 2003 ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? 2007 ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? (12 ????? 8).

???? ???? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1970 ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???.

?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????.

????? ???? 263 ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.

?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????: ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? . ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????? . ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????? "Unioni" ? ≪????????≫ ^[11]

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????.

≪??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????≫. ?? ??? 2003 ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????.

???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????.

????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? 100 ????? ????? ??? ??????. ^[12]

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ????? ???18 ?????? ????? ???19 ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? . ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1843? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? . ^[13]

???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???.

?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????. ?? ??? 1865 ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ≪??????≫ ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????.

??? ????? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1870? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 1872? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????.

?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? 1882. ^[14]

????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1915? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????????.

????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????.

????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? PISA 2012? ??? ????? ??? OECD ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? 6 (???? - ????) ?? ??????.

???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? (PIAAC) ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? . ^[15]

??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? 32? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????. ^[16]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????.

? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????.

??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????.

?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? 81? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????.

?????? ?? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? 32? ?? 301,000 ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????.

????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 50?. ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? (?????? ??????? 15-74) ?? 51?? ??? ?????? ?? 49?. ?????? 32? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? . ^[17]

???????? ?? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? 30 ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????. ^[18]

?????? ?? ????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. ^[19]

?????? ?? ????? ?? 16 ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????. ^[20]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ "Table 4: Gender Inequality Index" . United Nations Development Programme . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-11-07 .
^ "The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF) . World Economic Forum. ?. 12?13.
^ ^? ^? ^? Alho, Olli.
^ ^? ^? Women in Business in Finland , worldbusinessculture.com ???? ?????? 2016-05-14 ?? Wayback Machine
^ National Cultural Profiles ? Finland , ?????? ?????? ????? , 19 December 2006. ???? ?????? 2017-07-18 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "Finland" . Countries and Their Cultures . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-08-09.
^ "Total Population by Gender and Gender Ratio, by Country" . GEOHIVE . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-03-14.
^ "Finland Life expectancy at birth" . Index Mundi . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-06.
^ Asa Karlsson-Sjogren: Mannen, kvinnorna och rostratten : medborgarskap och representation 1723?1866 ("Men, women and the vote: citizenship and representation 1723?1866") (in Swedish)
^ P. Orman Ray: Woman Suffrage in Foreign Countries. ???? ?????? 2020-01-09 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "The Womens' Rights Movement in Finland" . Fast-Fin-1 . Finnish Institutions Research Paper. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-01-15.
^ "Gender Equality Policies in Finland" (PDF) . Brochures of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Healt . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-03-04.
^ Siegberg, Arthur: Den hogre kvinnobildningen i Finland, dess utveckling och mal., W. C. Fabritius & Sonner, Kr.a.
^ Tuomaala? Saara. "The path of Finnish women towards liberty and education" . Centenary of Women's full political rights in Finland . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-03.
^ "PISA 2012 Results in Focus" (PDF) . OECD Keyfindings Programme for International Student Assessment . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2019-03-18.
^ "Centenary of Women's Full Political Rights in Finland" . Centenary of Women's Full Political Rights in Finland . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-09.
^ Brush? C.G. (2006). Growth Oriented Women Entrepreneurs and Their Businesses . Edward Elgar Publishing. ?. 112 ?114.
^ "Gender Equality Policies in Finland" (PDF) . Ministry of Social Affairs and Health . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-03-04.
^ Reinsberg? Hillary (????? 2013). "13 Countries That Already Allow Women In Combat" . BuzzFeed . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-07-01.
^ Fisher? Max (????? 2013). "Map: Which countries allow women in front-line combat roles?" . The Washington Post . The Washington Post. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-05-11.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ?????? ?? ??????

[gii-1] "Table 4: Gender Inequality Index" . United Nations Development Programme . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-11-07 .

[ggr-2] "The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF) . World Economic Forum. ?. 12?13.

[Alho-3] ? ^? ^? Alho, Olli.

[WBC-4] ? ^? Women in Business in Finland , worldbusinessculture.com ???? ?????? 2016-05-14 ?? Wayback Machine

[TT-5] National Cultural Profiles ? Finland , ?????? ?????? ????? , 19 December 2006. ???? ?????? 2017-07-18 ?? Wayback Machine

[6] "Finland" . Countries and Their Cultures . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-08-09.

[7] "Total Population by Gender and Gender Ratio, by Country" . GEOHIVE . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-03-14.

[8] "Finland Life expectancy at birth" . Index Mundi . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-06.

[Karlsson-Sjögren_1866-9] Asa Karlsson-Sjogren: Mannen, kvinnorna och rostratten : medborgarskap och representation 1723?1866 ("Men, women and the vote: citizenship and representation 1723?1866") (in Swedish)

[jstor.org-10] P. Orman Ray: Woman Suffrage in Foreign Countries. ???? ?????? 2020-01-09 ?? Wayback Machine

[11] "The Womens' Rights Movement in Finland" . Fast-Fin-1 . Finnish Institutions Research Paper. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-01-15.

[12] "Gender Equality Policies in Finland" (PDF) . Brochures of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Healt . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-03-04.

[13] Siegberg, Arthur: Den hogre kvinnobildningen i Finland, dess utveckling och mal., W. C. Fabritius & Sonner, Kr.a.

[14] Tuomaala? Saara. "The path of Finnish women towards liberty and education" . Centenary of Women's full political rights in Finland . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-03.

[15] "PISA 2012 Results in Focus" (PDF) . OECD Keyfindings Programme for International Student Assessment . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2019-03-18.

[16] "Centenary of Women's Full Political Rights in Finland" . Centenary of Women's Full Political Rights in Finland . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-09.

[17] Brush? C.G. (2006). Growth Oriented Women Entrepreneurs and Their Businesses . Edward Elgar Publishing. ?. 112 ?114.

[18] "Gender Equality Policies in Finland" (PDF) . Ministry of Social Affairs and Health . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-03-04.

[19] Reinsberg? Hillary (????? 2013). "13 Countries That Already Allow Women In Combat" . BuzzFeed . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-07-01.

[20] Fisher? Max (????? 2013). "Map: Which countries allow women in front-line combat roles?" . The Washington Post . The Washington Post. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-05-11.

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