??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????

???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? . ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? (?????? ?????? ???????? ???????) ????????. ^[1]^[2] ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????.

???? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ^[3]^[4] ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 65% ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ^[5] ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????. ^[6]

????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? 12000 ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ^[7] ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? 25% ?92% ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??. ?????? ????? ???????? ??? 0.1 ?100 ????????? ??? ?????? ??? 86% ?? ??? ???????? ?? 5 ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????. ^[8]^[9]

??????? ???? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ^[10] ?? ??? 1975? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ^[11]^[10]^[12]^[13]

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????. ^[14]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Ward GW, Karlsson G, Rose G, Platts-Mills TAE (1989). "Trichophyton asthma: sensitization of bronchi and upper airways to dermatophytes anitigen". Lancet 8643, 859-62
^ Abramson C (1990). "Inhalation of nail dust: A podiatric hazard". In McCarthy DJ, Abramson C, Rupp MJ (eds). Infectious Diseases of the Lower Extremities . Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 293-298
^ Woodfolk JA (2005). "Allergy and Dermatophytes". Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18 30-43
^ McLarnon NA, Burrow JG, Price P, Aidoo KE, MacLaren W, Harper M, Hepher M, Edwards G (2005). "The controls of airborne hazardous substance in the healthcare environment", IOHA Pilannesberg: paper E1-1, 1-6
^ Gatley M (1991). "Human nail dust: hazard to chiropodists or merely nuisance?" J. Soc. Occup. Med 41 (3) 121-5
^ Sehgal VN, Jain S (2000). "Onychomycosis: clinical perspective". International Journal of Dermatology 39 241-249
^ http://www.podiatrytoday.com/article/775 7/5/07
^ Abramson C and Wilton J (1985). "Inhalation of nail dust aerosols during reduction of onychomycotic toenails: I. Characterization of nail dust particles". JAPMA 75 563 111-115
^ Harvey CK (1993). "Comparison of the effectiveness of nail dust extractors". Journal of American Podiatric Medical Association 83 3. 12 669-673
^ ^? ^? Wise F, Sulzberger MB (1930) "Urticaria and hay fever due to Trichophyton". JAMA 95 1504
^ Ward GW, Woodfolk JA, Hayden ML, Jackson S, Platts-Mills TAE (1999). "Treatment of late-onset asthma with fluconazole". J Allergy Clin Immunol 104 546-550
^ Schwartz HJ, Ward GW (1995). "Onychomycosis, trichophyton allergy and asthma ? a causal relationship?" Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 74 523-524
^ Platts-Mills TAE, Fiocco GP, Pollart SM, Hayden ML, Jackson S, Wilkens SR (1986). " Trichophyton allergy in a 24-year-old man with intrinsic asthma". Ann Allergy 56 40-45
^ Ward PE (1995). "Atopy and reaction to nail dust inhalation". Clinics in Podiatric Medicine 12 (2) 275-278

????? ??

[a1-1] Ward GW, Karlsson G, Rose G, Platts-Mills TAE (1989). "Trichophyton asthma: sensitization of bronchi and upper airways to dermatophytes anitigen". Lancet 8643, 859-62

[a2-2] Abramson C (1990). "Inhalation of nail dust: A podiatric hazard". In McCarthy DJ, Abramson C, Rupp MJ (eds). Infectious Diseases of the Lower Extremities . Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 293-298

[a3-3] Woodfolk JA (2005). "Allergy and Dermatophytes". Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18 30-43

[a4-4] McLarnon NA, Burrow JG, Price P, Aidoo KE, MacLaren W, Harper M, Hepher M, Edwards G (2005). "The controls of airborne hazardous substance in the healthcare environment", IOHA Pilannesberg: paper E1-1, 1-6

[a5-5] Gatley M (1991). "Human nail dust: hazard to chiropodists or merely nuisance?" J. Soc. Occup. Med 41 (3) 121-5

[a6-6] Sehgal VN, Jain S (2000). "Onychomycosis: clinical perspective". International Journal of Dermatology 39 241-249

[a8-7] ttp://www.podiatrytoday.com/article/775 7/5/07

[a9-8] Abramson C and Wilton J (1985). "Inhalation of nail dust aerosols during reduction of onychomycotic toenails: I. Characterization of nail dust particles". JAPMA 75 563 111-115

[a10-9] Harvey CK (1993). "Comparison of the effectiveness of nail dust extractors". Journal of American Podiatric Medical Association 83 3. 12 669-673

[a262-10] ? ^? Wise F, Sulzberger MB (1930) "Urticaria and hay fever due to Trichophyton". JAMA 95 1504

[a25-11] Ward GW, Woodfolk JA, Hayden ML, Jackson S, Platts-Mills TAE (1999). "Treatment of late-onset asthma with fluconazole". J Allergy Clin Immunol 104 546-550

[a27-12] Schwartz HJ, Ward GW (1995). "Onychomycosis, trichophyton allergy and asthma ? a causal relationship?" Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 74 523-524

[a28-13] Platts-Mills TAE, Fiocco GP, Pollart SM, Hayden ML, Jackson S, Wilkens SR (1986). " Trichophyton allergy in a 24-year-old man with intrinsic asthma". Ann Allergy 56 40-45

[a19-14] Ward PE (1995). "Atopy and reaction to nail dust inhalation". Clinics in Podiatric Medicine 12 (2) 275-278

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