??????? ??????????? ???? ?????????

???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????. ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? . ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????????. ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ? ??????????? ? ????????????? ?????????? . ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ≪????? ?????? ???????≫. ^[1]

?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ”???? ??????“ ??? 1537 ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ^[2] ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ??? 1839 ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ^[3] ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ^[4] ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ^[5] ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ^[6] ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????.

????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1341? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????. ^[7]

?? ??? 1344? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? (?????? ????? ???? ???????)? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????. ?? ?????? 1344? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ≪???? ???????≫. ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? 1348. ^[8]

??? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????. ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???. ^[9]

?? ??? 1415? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ??? 1418 ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??? 1427 ????? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????. ^[10]

??? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? 1402? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? . ^[11]

?? ??? 1434? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? (?????? ?????? ???????? ?????)? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? (?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????) ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ≪????????≫ ???????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? 29 ?????? 1434? ???????? ??????? ?? 17 ?????? 1434? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????. ^[12]

??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????. ^[13]

????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?? ????: ≪??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????≫. ^[14]

????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???. ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? 1452. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ?? ?? ???? ??????? (?????????)? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? 1455 ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????. ^[15]

?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? 1481 ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ???? 1493 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? 100 ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? 1494 ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????. ^[16]^[17]

??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?? ?????? 1511? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ≪?????? ??????????≫ ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? 1542 ???? ????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. (?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????). ^[18]

?? ??? 1524? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? 1526? ?? ???????????? ?? ??? 1533. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? (???? 1537) ?? ?????? ???? ?????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????.

????? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????? (1480-1546)? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? (1548-1617) ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????.

????? [ ??? ]

^ Robert Ricard, The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico: An Essay on the Apostolate and the Evangelizing Methods of the Mendicant Orders in New Spain: 1523-1572 , translated from the French by Lesley Bird Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1966. The original text in French, Conquete Spirituelle du Mexique appeared in 1933.
^ ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?.546
^ [1] ???????? ????????] ???? ?????? 2018-01-10 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Stearns, p.65
^ Koschorke, p.287
^ Woods, p. 137.
^ Monumenta Henricina vol. 1 contains copies of ?????? ?????? 's bull Tu devonitis sinceritas (Nov 1344) granting the Canaries to Luis de la Cerda ( p.207 ), the bull Prouenit ex tue of indulgences (Jan 1345) p.228 ???? ?????? 2021-03-02 ?? Wayback Machine
^ For the reply of Alfonso XI (Mar 1345) see MH , vol. 1 p.234 . ???? ?????? 2016-05-06 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Phipps? William E. (20 ????? 2004). Amazing Grace in John Newton: Slave Ship Captain, Hymn Writer, and Abolitionist . Mercer University Press. ISBN : 9780865548688 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-01. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |??????= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |???= ( ?????? )
^ "Payne, Samuel G., A History of Spain and Portugal , Vol.1, Chapt. 10" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2021-02-25.
^ "Lawrance, Jeremy. "Alfonso de Cartagena on the affair of the Canaries (1436?37), Historians of Medieval Iberia , September 1989, University of Birmingham" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-01-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-02-24 .
^ MH, V, 89?93, §38
^ Pope Eugene IV, Sicut dudum , 13 January 1435 Papal Encyclicals online ???? ?????? 2021-02-25 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "Payne, Samuel G., A History of Spain and Portugal , Vol.1, Chapt. 10" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2021-02-25.
^ Koschorke, Klaus , A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450?1990 (2007), Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Co, ( ???? 978-0-8028-2889-7 ), p. 13, 283.
^ Dussel, Enrique, A History of the Church in Latin America (1981), Wm. B. Eerdmans, ( ???? 0-8028-2131-6 ), p. 45, 52, 53 quote: "The missionary Church opposed this state of affairs from the beginning, and nearly everything positive that was done for the benefit of the indigenous peoples resulted from the call and clamor of the missionaries. The fact remained, however, that widespread injustice was extremely difficult to uproot ... Even more important than Bartolome de Las Casas was the Bishop of Nicaragua, Antonio de Valdeviso, who ultimately suffered martyrdom for his defense of the Indian."
^ Woods, Thomas, How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization (2005), Regnery Publishing, Inc, ( ???? 0-89526-038-7 ) p. 137.
^ Chadwick, Owen, A History of Christianity , Barnes & Noble, (1995), ( ???? 0-7607-7332-7 ) p. 327.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

[1] Robert Ricard, The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico: An Essay on the Apostolate and the Evangelizing Methods of the Mendicant Orders in New Spain: 1523-1572 , translated from the French by Lesley Bird Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1966. The original text in French, Conquete Spirituelle du Mexique appeared in 1933.

[2] ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?.546

[3] [1] ???????? ????????] ???? ?????? 2018-01-10 ?? Wayback Machine

[4] Stearns, p.65

[5] Koschorke, p.287

[Woods137-6] Woods, p. 137.

[7] Monumenta Henricina vol. 1 contains copies of ?????? ?????? 's bull Tu devonitis sinceritas (Nov 1344) granting the Canaries to Luis de la Cerda ( p.207 ), the bull Prouenit ex tue of indulgences (Jan 1345) p.228 ???? ?????? 2021-03-02 ?? Wayback Machine

[8] For the reply of Alfonso XI (Mar 1345) see MH , vol. 1 p.234 . ???? ?????? 2016-05-06 ?? Wayback Machine

[9] Phipps? William E. (20 ????? 2004). Amazing Grace in John Newton: Slave Ship Captain, Hymn Writer, and Abolitionist . Mercer University Press. ISBN : 9780865548688 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-01. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |??????= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |???= ( ?????? )

[Payne-10] "Payne, Samuel G., A History of Spain and Portugal , Vol.1, Chapt. 10" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2021-02-25.

[Lawrance-11] "Lawrance, Jeremy. "Alfonso de Cartagena on the affair of the Canaries (1436?37), Historians of Medieval Iberia , September 1989, University of Birmingham" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-01-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-02-24 .

[12] MH, V, 89?93, §38

[13] Pope Eugene IV, Sicut dudum , 13 January 1435 Papal Encyclicals online ???? ?????? 2021-02-25 ?? Wayback Machine

[Payne2-14] "Payne, Samuel G., A History of Spain and Portugal , Vol.1, Chapt. 10" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2021-02-25.

[Koschorke13-15] Koschorke, Klaus , A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450?1990 (2007), Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Co, ( ???? 978-0-8028-2889-7 ), p. 13, 283.

[Dussel45-16] Dussel, Enrique, A History of the Church in Latin America (1981), Wm. B. Eerdmans, ( ???? 0-8028-2131-6 ), p. 45, 52, 53 quote: "The missionary Church opposed this state of affairs from the beginning, and nearly everything positive that was done for the benefit of the indigenous peoples resulted from the call and clamor of the missionaries. The fact remained, however, that widespread injustice was extremely difficult to uproot ... Even more important than Bartolome de Las Casas was the Bishop of Nicaragua, Antonio de Valdeviso, who ultimately suffered martyrdom for his defense of the Indian."

[Woods1372-17] Woods, Thomas, How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization (2005), Regnery Publishing, Inc, ( ???? 0-89526-038-7 ) p. 137.

[Chadwick327-18] Chadwick, Owen, A History of Christianity , Barnes & Noble, (1995), ( ???? 0-7607-7332-7 ) p. 327.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]