?????? ?? ?????

?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? 1979. ^[1] ?? ??? 2017? ??? ?? 5.7? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ^[2]

????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ^[3]

????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[4]

??????? ???? ???????? [ ??? ]

???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? . ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ( ?????? ) - ?????? ?????????? - ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? .

?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ???????. ^[5]

???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????.

????? ??? ????? ????? [ ??? ]

?? 2011-2012? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? 829 ??????? ????? 43 ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? 20 ????? ??? 20 ???? 2012 ?? 26? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???. ^[6] ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????.

???? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 2020? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ^[7]

????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? 2010 ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????: ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????: ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? (???? ??????)? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ^[8]

?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ???? ???? 768 ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? 4 ?????? ?? ????? ??? 2018. ????? 96 ?? ??????. ^[2]

????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? . ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? 2010. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????. ^[9]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? 10? ??? ???? 2015 ? 2025, ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ^[2]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? ?? ?????

????? [ ??? ]

^ Marjolein Muys (1 ????? 2010). Substance Use Among Migrants: The Case of Iranians in Belgium . Asp / Vubpress / Upa. ?. 78?. ISBN : 978-90-5487-564-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-27.
^ ^? ^? ^? "A public health approach to alcohol use and its related harms in Iran" . Lancet. 1 ????? 2019. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-05-13 .
^ J.B. (28 ?????? 2016). "Why wine is integral to Persian culture" . ?? ?????????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-08-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-09-28 .
^ Saeed Kamali Dehghan (25 ????? 2012). "Iranian pair face death penalty after third alcohol offence | World news" . London: The Guardian. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-06-11 .
^ "Family Breaks Silence as Iran Detains Owners of Tehran's Aun Gallery" . www.artforum.com (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2020-11-11 . Retrieved 2018-05-28 .
^ Pourparsa? Parham (20 ????? 2012). "BBC News - Iran's 'hidden' alcoholism problem" . Bbc.co.uk. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-06-11 .
^ https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2020/7/10/iranian-man-executed-for-drinking-alcohol-says-rights-group ???? ?????? 2021-01-20 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Alcohol in Iran: All You Need to Know | 1stQuest Blog" . 1stQuest Blog (??????????? ?????????). 30 May 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-06-14 . Retrieved 2018-06-14 .
^ "Alcoholic Drinks in Iran" . www.euromonitor.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-09-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-05-29 .

[Muys2010-1] Marjolein Muys (1 ????? 2010). Substance Use Among Migrants: The Case of Iranians in Belgium . Asp / Vubpress / Upa. ?. 78?. ISBN : 978-90-5487-564-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-27.

[مولد_تلقائيا1-2] ? ^? ^? "A public health approach to alcohol use and its related harms in Iran" . Lancet. 1 ????? 2019. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-05-13 .

[3] J.B. (28 ?????? 2016). "Why wine is integral to Persian culture" . ?? ?????????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-08-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-09-28 .

[4] Saeed Kamali Dehghan (25 ????? 2012). "Iranian pair face death penalty after third alcohol offence | World news" . London: The Guardian. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-06-11 .

[5] "Family Breaks Silence as Iran Detains Owners of Tehran's Aun Gallery" . www.artforum.com (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2020-11-11 . Retrieved 2018-05-28 .

[6] Pourparsa? Parham (20 ????? 2012). "BBC News - Iran's 'hidden' alcoholism problem" . Bbc.co.uk. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-06-11 .

[7] ttps://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2020/7/10/iranian-man-executed-for-drinking-alcohol-says-rights-group ???? ?????? 2021-01-20 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[8] "Alcohol in Iran: All You Need to Know | 1stQuest Blog" . 1stQuest Blog (??????????? ?????????). 30 May 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-06-14 . Retrieved 2018-06-14 .

[9] "Alcoholic Drinks in Iran" . www.euromonitor.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-09-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-05-29 .

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