?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? (?????) .

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????? ???????	1928
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????? ????	1947
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?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? (1920 - 1946) ??? ??? ????????? ?????? (1932 - 1963) ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????. ^[1] ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? . ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? 1936 ?1939 ???? ????? ??? 1943 ?1947 ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? .

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???????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? 1925 ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? . ^[2]

?? ??? 1928 ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ≪????????≫ ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ≪?????? ???????≫ ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ^[2] ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ≪?????? ????????????≫. ^[2] ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? 1928 ???? ??????? ?????? ??? 1936? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????.

?????????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? .

?????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? 1946 ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? 1947 ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????. ^[3] ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????. ^[3]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ???? ????? ≪????? ?????? ??????≫ ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ≪???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????≫. ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????.

??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???: ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????.

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????????? 1928 - 1946 [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? 1928 ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ^[3] ?? ???????? ????? 1932 ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? 1932? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? 1933? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.

???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? 1936 ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????. ??? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????. ^[4]

???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? 1937 ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? 1939? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????.

???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? 1936? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? 1941. ^[5] ?? ??? 1943 ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ^[6] ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? 1947 ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ^[7]

??? ????????? 1946 - 1963 [ ??? ]

??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ≪????? ?????? ??????≫? ??? ??? 1947 ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? 1948 ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??? 1955 ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? 1953 ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????? 1954 ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? 1958 ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? 1961 ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? 1961 ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? 1963 ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

• ??? ????? .
• ??? ????????? ?????? - ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??.
• ????????? ??????? ?????? .

??????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

• ????? ????? (1964). Syrian Politics and the Military, 1945-1958 [ ??????? ?????? ???????? 1945 - 1958 ] (???????????). ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????. Archived from the original on 2020-08-10.

• ????? ??? 1940
• ????? ??? 1920
• ????? ??? 1930
• ????? ????? ?????
• ????? ?????
• ????? ???????