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???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1206 ??????? ^[1] ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 1240. ^[2] ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1240 ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[3] ????? ??? ?????? ?? 30 ??? ????? ^[4]^[5] ?????? ?? 500 ????. ^[6] ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????????? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????. ^[7] ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ^[8] ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? .

??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? .

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ^[9] ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????.

???? ????? ??????? ?????? ≪????- ????≫ ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? . ^[10] ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ^[11] ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ^[12] ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????. ^[13]

???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? (???????)? ^[14] ????????? ?????? (????) ????? ?????? (???????? ?????). ^[15] ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???.

???? ?? ??? ???????????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? 1615? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? (????) ??? ???? 1581 ?1637? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1637.

??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???. ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? -??? ??? ???? ??????- ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 1634 ??? ?????? ??????? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ( ????? ???????? ) ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1635 ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? (?????? ??????) ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????.

???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? (???? ???) ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1636 ??????? ????????? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????.

?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ≪????? ????≫ (1945) ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????.

??? ???? ??? ???? (???????? ???????) ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? 1641 ?1642? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? (?????? ??????) ???? ??? ??? (chogyal)? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??? (??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????) ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ≪??????? ????≫ ???? ??????? ???? ???? ≪???? ?? ??????≫ ?????? ?????????.

???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???????? -?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????- ????? ?? ??? 1717. ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? (??? ??? ?? ????? ?????) ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? (?????? ??????) ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????. ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? (????? ???? )? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? (???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????). ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????. ^[16] ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????.

????? [ ??? ]

^ Wylie. p.105
^ Wylie. p.106
^ Wylie. p.110, 'delegated the command of the Tibetan invasion to an otherwise unknown general, Doorda Darkhan'.
^ Shakabpa. p.61: 'thirty thousand troops, under the command of Leje and Dorta, reached Phanpo, north of Lhasa.'
^ Sanders. p. 309, his grandson Godan Khan ^{[???? ????]}‏ invaded Tibet with 30000 men and destroyed several Buddhist monasteries north of Lhasa
^ Wylie. p.104
^ Wylie. p.103
^ Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions, by Anne-Marie Blondeau and Katia Buffetrille, p13
^ Wylie. p.104: 'To counterbalance the political power of the lama, Khubilai appointed civil administrators at the Sa-skya to supervise the Mongol regency.'
^ Laird 2006, pp. 114-117
^ Dawa Norbu. China's Tibet Policy , pp. 139. Psychology Press. ???? ?????? 11 ???? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Schirokauer, Conrad. A Brief History of Chinese Civilization. Thomson Wadsworth, (c)2006, p 174
^ Rossabi, M. Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times , p56
^ http://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Islam_and_Tibet_Interactions_along_the_Musk_Routes_Intro.pdf ???? ?????? 2015-09-23 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Dai Matsui - A Mongolian Decree from the Chaghataid Khanate
^ Norbu, Namkhai. (1980). "Bon and Bonpos". Tibetan Review , December, 1980, p. 8.

[1] Wylie. p.105

[Wylie._p.106-2] Wylie. p.106

[3] Wylie. p.110, 'delegated the command of the Tibetan invasion to an otherwise unknown general, Doorda Darkhan'.

[4] Shakabpa. p.61: 'thirty thousand troops, under the command of Leje and Dorta, reached Phanpo, north of Lhasa.'

[5] Sanders. p. 309, his grandson Godan Khan ^{[???? ????]}‏ invaded Tibet with 30000 men and destroyed several Buddhist monasteries north of Lhasa

[Wylie._p.104-6] Wylie. p.104

[Wylie._p.103-7] Wylie. p.103

[8] Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions, by Anne-Marie Blondeau and Katia Buffetrille, p13

[9] Wylie. p.104: 'To counterbalance the political power of the lama, Khubilai appointed civil administrators at the Sa-skya to supervise the Mongol regency.'

[laird114_7-10] Laird 2006, pp. 114-117

[11] Dawa Norbu. China's Tibet Policy , pp. 139. Psychology Press. ???? ?????? 11 ???? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[12] Schirokauer, Conrad. A Brief History of Chinese Civilization. Thomson Wadsworth, (c)2006, p 174

[13] Rossabi, M. Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times , p56

[ashgate.com-14] ttp://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Islam_and_Tibet_Interactions_along_the_Musk_Routes_Intro.pdf ???? ?????? 2015-09-23 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[15] Dai Matsui - A Mongolian Decree from the Chaghataid Khanate

[16] Norbu, Namkhai. (1980). "Bon and Bonpos". Tibetan Review , December, 1980, p. 8.

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