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??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? (??? ?????):

≪...????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ...... ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????...≫ (????? ??? ?????? ???? 544-545).

??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????.

??? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? . ^[1] ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ? ?????? (???? ???? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ). ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ^[2]^[3]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Hill, Donald. Islamic Science and Engineering . 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. ISBN 0-7486-0455-3 , p.4
^ Remi Brague, Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization ???? ?????? 2017-01-29 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Britannica, Nestorian ???? ?????? 2015-05-04 ?? Wayback Machine

????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

[1] Hill, Donald. Islamic Science and Engineering . 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. ISBN 0-7486-0455-3 , p.4

[2] Remi Brague, Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization ???? ?????? 2017-01-29 ?? Wayback Machine

[3] Britannica, Nestorian ???? ?????? 2015-05-04 ?? Wayback Machine

[1]

[2]

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