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إسبانيا الولايات المتحدة
 
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العلاقات الأمريكية الإسبانية
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????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? . ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ???. ???? ?? ???????:

??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? [?? ???????] ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. [2]

?? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? 1779? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????. ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1780? ??? ??? 1781? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? 4 ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????. [3]

??? ?????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? 17 ???? ?? ??? 1783? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????. [4]

???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? 1784. ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. [5]

??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? (?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????). ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? . ?????? ??? ???????? ??????: ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? (????? ???????). [6]

????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????. [7] ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???????.  ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? . [8] ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????. [9] ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????. [10]  ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? (1750- 1793) ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ??? ???? 1784 ?1785 ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????. [11] [12] [13]

?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? [14] ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 1775. [15] ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. [16]

???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? 25 ????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ???- ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ????? ???????? ????. [17] [18]

????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? 27 ?????? ?? ??? 1795? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????. ?? ???????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1797 ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1798 ?????? ????????. [19]

???? ??? [ ??? ]

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  1. ^ Espana-EE UU: una historia de amor y odio ???? ?????? 07 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  2. ^ Even worse, i (10th ed. 1980) p 32-33.
  3. ^ Eliga Gould, "Bernardo de Galvez: Spanish Hero of the American Revolution by Gonzalo M. Quintero Saravia." William and Mary Quarterly 76.3 (2019): 597?600 online . ???? ?????? 17 ?????? 2022 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  4. ^ Hernandez Franco 1991 ? ???? 185.
  5. ^ Chavez, Thomas E (2002). Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ?. 12. ISBN : 0-8263-2794-X .
  6. ^ ??? ?????? , A History of the American People (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 362.
  7. ^ Samuel Flagg Bemis, The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1935, 1957) pp 95?102. online
  8. ^ John Ferling, A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic (2003), pp. 211?212
  9. ^ Alan Taylor. American Revolutions A Continental History, 1750?1804 (2016), pp. 345?346
  10. ^ George Herring, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (2008), pp. 46?47
  11. ^ Lawrence S. Kaplan, Colonies into Nation: American Diplomacy 1763?1801 (1972) pp 168?71.
  12. ^ Jane M. Berry, "The Indian Policy of Spain in the Southwest 1783?1795." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3.4 (1917): 462?477. online ???? ?????? 2021-08-21 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  13. ^ Arthur P. Whitaker, "Spain and the Cherokee Indians, 1783?98." North Carolina Historical Review 4.3 (1927): 252?269. online ???? ?????? 2021-08-21 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  14. ^ Roy F. Nichols, "Trade Relations and the Establishment of the United States Consulates in Spanish America, 1779?1809." The Hispanic American Historical Review 13.3 (1933): 289?313.
  15. ^ Arthur P. Whitaker, "Reed and Forde: Merchant Adventurers of Philadelphia: Their Trade with Spanish New Orleans." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 61.3 (1937): 237?262. online ???? ?????? 2015-06-14 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  16. ^ Javier Cuenca-Esteban, "British 'Ghost' Exports, American Middlemen, and the Trade to Spanish America, 1790?1819: A Speculative Reconstruction." William & Mary Quarterly 71.1 (2014): 63?98. online ???? ?????? 2021-08-21 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  17. ^ Kaplan, 166-74.
  18. ^ Stuart Leibiger (2012). A Companion to James Madison and James Monroe . ?. 569?70. ISBN : 9781118281437 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-27.
  19. ^ Gerald H. Clarfield, "Victory in the West: A Study of the Role of Timothy Pickering in the Successful Consummation of Pinckney's Treaty" Essex Institute Historical Collections (1965) 101#4 pp 333?353.
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