???????? ????????? ????????

???????? ????????? ????????
???????	????
	????? ????? - ?????

???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? . ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

?????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????:

??? ????????	???????	????
??????? (??2)	357.41 ??? ^[6]	459
??? ?????? ( ???? )	81.29 ????? ^[7]	95.84 ??? ^[7]
??????? ???????? (?./??²)	227.44	20.88 ???
???????	??? ? ????? ^[8]	????????
????? ???????	????? ?????????	??? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????????? ?????????
??????	???? ? ???? ??????	????? ??????
?????? ?????? ???????? (????? ?????)	3.68 ??????? ^[9]	1.49 ????? ^[10]
?????? ?????? ???????? (????? ????? ????????) ????? ?????	3.92 ???????	2.54 ????? ^[11]
?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????	41.31 ??? ^[12]	15.48 ??? ^[12]
?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????	46.40 ??? ^[13]	26.42 ??? ^[13]
???? ??????? ???????	0.926 ^[14]	0.772 ^[15]
??? ????????? ??????	+49	+248
??? ????????	.de ^[16]	.sc
??????? ???????	????? ??? ?????? ? ? ? ?+01:00 ? ? ? ?+02:00 ? ??????/????? ^{[???? ????]}‏	? ? ?+04:00

?????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ????:

??? ???????	????? ?????? ???????	????? ?????? ????
????? ??????? ???????	20 ????? 1956	11 ????? 1981
????? ??? ??????? ??????????	29 ????? 1997 ^[17]^[17]^[18]	29 ????? 1997 ^[19]
??????	11 ????? 1951 ^[20]^[21]^[22]	18 ?????? 1976 ^[22]
????? ???????? ???????	?	?
????? ???????	18 ?????? 1973 ^[23]^[24]	21 ?????? 1976
??????? ?????? ?????????	1866 ^[25]^[26]^[27]	17 ?????? 1999 ^[27]
????? ?????? ???????? ???????	? ^[28]	1 ?????? 1977 ^[28]^[29]
????? ?????? ??????? ????????	14 ????? 1952	29 ?????? 1980
??????? ??????? ???????	1 ????? 1875 ^[30]^[31]^[32]	? ^[32]
?????? ?????? ???? ?????	?	?
?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????	18 ???? 1969	19 ????? 1978
????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????	12 ????? 1988	15 ?????? 1992

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???????? ?????????

????? [ ??? ]

^ ???????? ???? ??? ?????? (1 ????? 2001). ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????: ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? . Al Manhal. ISBN : 9796500022918 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-11.
^ "??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? 1961" . www.aljazeera.net . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-10 .
^ "??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? -???????? ???????????- ??????? ????? ????? ???????? 2017-2018" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-03.
^ "????? ???????? ???????: ???????? ???????" . ?????? ?????? ???????? . 15 ?????? 2016. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-10 .
^ "???????? ??????? | ???????? ??????? (?????-)" . arab-ency.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-10 .
^ [1] ???? ?????? 11 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? 05 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ [2] ???? ?????? 05 ???? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ?????? ?????? ?????? (?????? ??????? ???????? ????????) ???? ?????? 10 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ?????? ?????? ?????? (?????? ??????? ???????? ????????) ???? ?????? 12 ?????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? (???????? ??????? ??????? ??????) ???? ?????? 02 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? (???????? ??????? ??????? ????????) ???? ?????? 13 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? (???????? ??????? ??????? ??????) ???? ?????? 31 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ [3] ???? ?????? 15 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ [4] ???? ?????? 01 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ [5] ???? ?????? 19 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? [6] ???? ?????? 29 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ [7] ???? ?????? 11 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ [8] ???? ?????? 12 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ [9] ???? ?????? 11 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ [10] ???? ?????? 11 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? [11] ???? ?????? 03 ????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ [12] ???? ?????? 14 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ [13] ???? ?????? 11 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ [14] ???? ?????? 17 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ [15] ???? ?????? 18 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? [16] ???? ?????? 04 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? [17] ???? ?????? 22 ?????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ [18] ???? ?????? 30 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ [19] ???? ?????? 11 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ [20] ???? ?????? 06 ????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? [21] ???? ?????? 21 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

[1] ???????? ???? ??? ?????? (1 ????? 2001). ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????: ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? . Al Manhal. ISBN : 9796500022918 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-11.

[2] "??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? 1961" . www.aljazeera.net . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-10 .

[3] "??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? -???????? ???????????- ??????? ????? ????? ???????? 2017-2018" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-03.

[4] "????? ???????? ???????: ???????? ???????" . ?????? ?????? ???????? . 15 ?????? 2016. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-10 .

[5] "???????? ??????? | ???????? ??????? (?????-)" . arab-ency.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-10 .

[6] [1] ???? ?????? 11 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[مولد_تلقائيا1-7] ? ^? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? 05 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[8] [2] ???? ?????? 05 ???? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[9] ?????? ?????? ?????? (?????? ??????? ???????? ????????) ???? ?????? 10 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[10] ?????? ?????? ?????? (?????? ??????? ???????? ????????) ???? ?????? 12 ?????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[11] ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? (???????? ??????? ??????? ??????) ???? ?????? 02 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[مولد_تلقائيا2-12] ? ^? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? (???????? ??????? ??????? ????????) ???? ?????? 13 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[مولد_تلقائيا3-13] ? ^? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? (???????? ??????? ??????? ??????) ???? ?????? 31 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[14] [3] ???? ?????? 15 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[15] [4] ???? ?????? 01 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[16] [5] ???? ?????? 19 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[مولد_تلقائيا8-17] ? ^? [6] ???? ?????? 29 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[18] [7] ???? ?????? 11 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[19] [8] ???? ?????? 12 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[20] [9] ???? ?????? 11 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[21] [10] ???? ?????? 11 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[مولد_تلقائيا4-22] ? ^? [11] ???? ?????? 03 ????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[23] [12] ???? ?????? 14 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[24] [13] ???? ?????? 11 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[25] [14] ???? ?????? 17 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[26] [15] ???? ?????? 18 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[مولد_تلقائيا5-27] ? ^? [16] ???? ?????? 04 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[مولد_تلقائيا6-28] ? ^? [17] ???? ?????? 22 ?????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[29] [18] ???? ?????? 30 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[30] [19] ???? ?????? 11 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[31] [20] ???? ?????? 06 ????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[مولد_تلقائيا7-32] ? ^? [21] ???? ?????? 21 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

???? ??????