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???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? (????????) ??? ??? 780? ^[2] ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ^[3] ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? 1000. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?≪?????????????≫ ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? (1204 ???? 1261)? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????.

??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ≪?????≫? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? . ^[4] ??? ?? ????? ??≪???????? ???????≫? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ≪????≫? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????????? -???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????- ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????. ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ≪????????????≫ ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????.

????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ^[5]^[6]^[7] ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? (??????? ?? ???????)? ???? ?? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????.

???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????.

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???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? 1066 ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??? 1169? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ≪?????? ?? ??????≫ ?? ??? 1282. ^[8] ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ≪??????? ??????≫ ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???????????? ??? 1215.

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???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? 711? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???.

???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? (????????) ????? ??????????? (?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???????).

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???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1035? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? 1227. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? . ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? 1266. ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1130 ???? ??? 1240.

????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? 1089-1125? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? 1121 ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? -???? ?????? ????- ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ John H. Mundy, Europe in the high Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (1973) online
^ Reitervolker im Fruhmittelalter. Bodo, Anke et.al. Stuttgart 2008
^ "Politics and power early medieval europe alsace and frankish realm 6001000 | European history: general interest" . Cambridge University Press . ????? ?? ????? ?? 26 ???? 2020 . ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )
^ See for example: Aberth? John (2012). "The early medieval woodland". An Environmental History of the Middle Ages: The Crucible of Nature . Abingdon: Routledge. ?. 87. ISBN : 9780415779456 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-08-17 . The French historian of the early medieval forest, Charles Higounet, produced a map in the 1960s, which has been much reproduced since, that purports to show the distribution of the forest cover in Europe on the eve of the so-called 'great clearances' ( les grands defrichements ) between 1000 and 1300.
^ Taylor 2005 ? ???? 181.
^ Adamson 2016 ? ???? 180.
^ Fakhry 2001 ? ???? 3.
^ Davies, Rees (2001-05-01). "Wales: A Culture Preserved". bbc.co.uk/history. p. 3. Retrieved 2008-05-06.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ?????? ?????? ??????

[1] John H. Mundy, Europe in the high Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (1973) online

[2] Reitervolker im Fruhmittelalter. Bodo, Anke et.al. Stuttgart 2008

[3] "Politics and power early medieval europe alsace and frankish realm 6001000 | European history: general interest" . Cambridge University Press . ????? ?? ????? ?? 26 ???? 2020 . ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )

[4] See for example: Aberth? John (2012). "The early medieval woodland". An Environmental History of the Middle Ages: The Crucible of Nature . Abingdon: Routledge. ?. 87. ISBN : 9780415779456 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-08-17 . The French historian of the early medieval forest, Charles Higounet, produced a map in the 1960s, which has been much reproduced since, that purports to show the distribution of the forest cover in Europe on the eve of the so-called 'great clearances' ( les grands defrichements ) between 1000 and 1300.

[FOOTNOTETaylor2005181-5] Taylor 2005 ? ???? 181.

[FOOTNOTEAdamson2016180-6] Adamson 2016 ? ???? 180.

[FOOTNOTEFakhry20013-7] Fakhry 2001 ? ???? 3.

[8] Davies, Rees (2001-05-01). "Wales: A Culture Preserved". bbc.co.uk/history. p. 3. Retrieved 2008-05-06.

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