한국   대만   중국   일본 
????? ?????? - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

????? ??????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
????? ??????
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??? 1870 عدل القيمة على Wikidata
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1900 عدل القيمة على Wikidata
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????? - ????? ????? - ????? ???? ?????? حول القالب

????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????
 
???? ????????? 1607?1775
?????? ????????? 1765?1783
?????? ???????????? 1783?1788
????? ???????? 1788?1801
??? ??????? 1801?1817
??? ??????? ?????? 1817?1825
????? ????????? 1825?1849
??? ????? ??????? 1850?1865
??? ????? ??????? 1865?1877
????? ?????? 1877?1895
????? ??????? 1896?1916
???? ????????? 1920?1929
?????? ?????? 1929?1941
????? ???????? ??????? 1941?1945
??? ?? ??? ????? 1945?1964
??? ?????? ??????? 1965?1980
??? ????? 1981?1989
??????? ??????
??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????.

????? ?????? ( ??????????? : Gilded Age )? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? . ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? 1873 ???? ????? "????? ??????: ????? ?????"? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? (???? ????? ??? 1877)? [1] ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???. [2] [3] [4] [5]

??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? . ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? 60% ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 1860 ???? 1890? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? (?? ???? ????? ??????) ?? 380 ??????? ??? 1880 ???? ??? 564 ??????? ?? ??? 1890 ?? ??? ????? ????? 48%. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????????. [6]

???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? 1873 ??????? ??? 1893 ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? 1877? ?????? ??????? ?????????.

??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? (???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????) ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? (????????? ???????? ???????). ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????. ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????????. ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? . ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????. [7]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????: ??? ????? (1873). ??? ?????? (??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????) ≪?????? ??????≫ ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????? ≪????? ??????≫ ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. [8] [9] [10]

????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?≪????? ??????≫ ?? ?????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? (????? ?? ??? 1865)? ?? ??? 1873? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1877. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? (???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? 1896)? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? 1898? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1901? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? (1917). [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]

?????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? 1869? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????. ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? 1860 ?1880? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? 1920. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????. [17] [18]

?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ??? 1900? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ≪??????????≫ ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????????. [19] [20]

???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. [21]

?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? 18-21 ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????. [22] [23]

????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ?? ?????? ??? ???? 1860 ?1890? ????? 500,000 ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? (????? ???? ?????? ?????). ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????. ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????. [24] [25]

???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????. ?? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????. [26]

????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????:

????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? 1865 ?1895 ? ????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????: ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. [27]

??? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. [28]

?????? ?????? ?????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? (??? ???????). ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????. ?? ??? 1860? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? 1.8 ????? ?????? ??? 1897 ???? ??? 10.6 ????? ????? (?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? 1.2 ????? ?????). ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????. ??? ????? 10 ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ??????? ????? ??? 1860 ????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? 3 ??????? ????? ????? ??? 1914. ???? ???? 1914-1917? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. [29]

?????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???. [30]

???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?? 18 ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?? 24? ????? ????? ?? 25? ????? ??? ?? ?? 27? ????? ???? ?? ?? 57. ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???. [31]

????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????:

≪?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????≫. [32]

???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????. ????? ??? 1910? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? .

???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???. [33]

??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? (1821-1900)? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????. ???? ??? ????? ????????: ≪??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??... ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????≫. ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????: ≪???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??≫. [34]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? 1850 ??? 1880 ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????:

≪???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ????. ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???. ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????≫. [35]

????? [ ??? ]

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  33. ^ Condit? Carl W. (1975). "Cincinnati Passenger Stations Before 1930" . Railroad History ?. 132: 5?36. JSTOR : 43520516 .
  34. ^ Richard B. Rice, William A. Bullough, and Richard J. Orsi, The elusive Eden: A new history of California (1988) p. 247.
  35. ^ Cronon? William (2009). Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West . W. W. Norton. ?. 254. ISBN : 978-0393072457 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-16.

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