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????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? (1- 800 ?)? ???????? (100- 700 ?)? ???????? (1150- 1450)? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? . ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ^[5]

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??? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ???????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? 3000 ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??≪???? ????≫ (Crow’s Nest)? ≪??? ??? ???≫ (Dog and Duck)? ≪???? ??? ??????≫ (Eagle and Child)? ≪??????≫ (Falcon). ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? 600 ???? ????? ????? .

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???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? . ??? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? . ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? . ??? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ????? ≪ ??????? ????? ≫ ??????? ???????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? .

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????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? (????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????)? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????.

?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? 18 ?19. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? 
???????? ???????
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????????
 ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????.

?? ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ≪?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????????.≫ ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? (Cockerel) ?????? ?????? ??? 1932 ? ?????? ?? ≪??????? ??????? ??????????≫.

??? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? Turul ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? . ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? .

?? ?????

??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ≪??????? ???? ?????≫.

???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ≪ ???? ????? ≫ ??? 1177. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ≪ ?????? ≫ ??????? ?? ????? ?????.

?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ≪????? ??? ???????? ≫ ??? 1819 ? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ≪??? ???? ≫ ??? 1820 ?? ??? ??????????? ????????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ≪????? ?????????≫ ? ≪?? ????????≫ (??????). ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? 1970 ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ≪ ?????? ≫? ????? ?? ??? ??????.

?? ?????

???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? . ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? (????? ?????)? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? 1797-1804? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???: ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? (1830- 1833) ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? (1840-1848) ???????? ?? 600 ????.

???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? 1908? ???? ???? ????? ?????.?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.

?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????: ??? ??????? ???? ?????? (1940): ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ?.?. ???? ?? ?????? ≪?????≫ ??? 1951 ????? ?????? ≪??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????≫ ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ≪ ??? ? ??? ???? ≫ ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????.

?? ????????

??? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???: ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1924 ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 2000 ?? ???? ?????? ??????? . ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.

???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?. ???? ?? ??? 2005? ??????? ?. ????? ??????? ??? 2011? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????.

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). Birds Britannica. Chatto & Windus. pp. ix?x, 436?437 and passim. ISBN 0-7011-6907-9 . ]
^ Grey, Edward (1927). The Charm of Birds. Hodder and Stoughton.
^ Armstrong, Edward A. (1958). The Folklore of Birds. Collins (New Naturalist series).
^ Ingersoll, Ernest (1923). Birds in Legend, Fable, and Folklore. Longmans Green.
^ "Birds of the Andes". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
^ "Why Do Birds Matter?". Audubon. April 2013.

?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

[test-1] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). Birds Britannica. Chatto & Windus. pp. ix?x, 436?437 and passim. ISBN 0-7011-6907-9 . ]

[2] Grey, Edward (1927). The Charm of Birds. Hodder and Stoughton.

[3] Armstrong, Edward A. (1958). The Folklore of Birds. Collins (New Naturalist series).

[4] Ingersoll, Ernest (1923). Birds in Legend, Fable, and Folklore. Longmans Green.

[5] "Birds of the Andes". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

[6] "Why Do Birds Matter?". Audubon. April 2013.

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