?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????

???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? 15% ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? 2005. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????. ?????? 14 ???? ?? ??? 27 ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? 2010. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??: ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ^[1]

???????? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? 132 ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? (??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????). ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ^[2] ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 2012 ????? 30 ????? ???? ??? 200 ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? 132 ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? 10-25 ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????. ^[3]

??? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 2005? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? 27 ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? 36.7% ?? ????? ?24.6% ?? ????? ?17.7% ?? ????? ?14.2% ?? ?????? ??????? ?6.7% ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?0.1% ?? ???????? ????????. ^[4]^[5] ?? ??? 2006? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? (29.5%) ?????? 990 ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 134 ??????? (17.6% ?? ?????? ?????? ????????). ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? 450 ??????? ???? ?? ??? 2006 ? ?? 45% ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????. ???????? ?? ????? 2013? ??? ???? 131 ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? 112 ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? 25% ??? ??? 1995 ???? ??? 2005. ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? 2.6% ??? ??? 1990 ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? 30.8% ?? ??? 1990 ??? 30.2% ?? ??? 2005. ^[6]^[7]^[8]

????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? (?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??) ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????.

??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????.

?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? (?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??)? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????.

???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? (?? ?? ??) ?????? ????????? ??? ≪?????? ???????? ?????? ????????≫ ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????.

????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????. ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ^[8]

???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? 40,000 ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (???? ????? ?????): ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???. ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ≪??????????≫. ^[9]^[10]

???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ^[11]

???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? 2009 ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? (?? ?? ?? ??) ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ^[12]

???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? 2010 ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????. ^[13]

≪????? ????? 7000 ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????≫. ^[14]

????? ????????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? 2025? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????: ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? (??? ???????? ???????) ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? (??? ??????? ???????). ^[15]^[16]

????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???: ^[17]

?????
??????
????????
??????? ???????
??????
???????
???????
??????? ??????

???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ≪????≫ ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? 20 ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? (?? ??? ??) ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????-??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???. ^[18]

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ^[19]

????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???. ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? 10% ??? 29% ??? ????. ^[20]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ "Power Reactor Information System" . International Atomic Energy Agency. 18 ?????? 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-02-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-09-18 .
^ COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT on the comprehensive risk and safety assessments ("stress tests") of nuclear power plants in the European Union and related activities /* COM/2012/0571 final */ ???? ?????? 28 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT on the comprehensive risk and safety assessments ("stress tests") of nuclear power plants in the European Union and related activities ???? ?????? 21 October 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . Brussels, 4 October 2012 page 8 Stress tests
^ "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-07-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-03-28 .
^ Fernanado Esteban (23 ???? 2002). "The future of nuclear energy in the European Union" (PDF) . Directorate General for Energy and Transport: European Commission. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2009-02-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-08-05 .
^ "Gas and electricity market statistics" (PDF) . ???????? . 26 ?????? 2007. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2012-05-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-08-05 .
^ [1] World Nuclear Association, Facts and Figures ???? ?????? 26 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? "EU ENERGY IN FIGURES 2007/2008" (PDF) . ???????? . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2008-12-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-10-17 .
^ "Talk of nuclear revival rekindles waste concerns" . NBC News. 20 ????? 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-08-05 .
^ "Nuclear power plants in the world" (PDF) . Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA). 2007. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2011-09-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-08-05 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )
^ Nuclear safety [EBRD ? Sector] ???? ?????? 26 October 2010 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "ERDO - Working Group" en . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-03-28 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ???? |script-title=: ????? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ "Archived copy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-10-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-08 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )
^ "Archived copy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-10-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-18 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )
^ Decommissioning of nuclear facilities ???? ?????? 13 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Decommissioning Nuclear Facilities ? January 2016 ???? ?????? 24 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ World Nuclear Power Reactors & Uranium Requirements ???? ?????? 8 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ James Kanter. In Finland, Nuclear Renaissance Runs Into Trouble New York Times , 28 May 2009. ???? ?????? 27 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "France nuclear power funding gets 1bn euro boost" . BBC News . 27 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-06-27 .
^ Plans For New Reactors Worldwide ???? ?????? 31 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[uic1-1] "Power Reactor Information System" . International Atomic Energy Agency. 18 ?????? 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-02-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-09-18 .

[2] COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT on the comprehensive risk and safety assessments ("stress tests") of nuclear power plants in the European Union and related activities /* COM/2012/0571 final */ ???? ?????? 28 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[3] COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT on the comprehensive risk and safety assessments ("stress tests") of nuclear power plants in the European Union and related activities ???? ?????? 21 October 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . Brussels, 4 October 2012 page 8 Stress tests

[4] "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-07-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-03-28 .

[Esteban-5] Fernanado Esteban (23 ???? 2002). "The future of nuclear energy in the European Union" (PDF) . Directorate General for Energy and Transport: European Commission. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2009-02-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-08-05 .

[Eurostat-6] "Gas and electricity market statistics" (PDF) . ???????? . 26 ?????? 2007. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2012-05-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-08-05 .

[7] [1] World Nuclear Association, Facts and Figures ???? ?????? 26 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[Eurostat_new-8] ? ^? "EU ENERGY IN FIGURES 2007/2008" (PDF) . ???????? . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2008-12-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-10-17 .

[msnbc-9] "Talk of nuclear revival rekindles waste concerns" . NBC News. 20 ????? 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-08-05 .

[cea-10] "Nuclear power plants in the world" (PDF) . Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA). 2007. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2011-09-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-08-05 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )

[11] Nuclear safety [EBRD ? Sector] ???? ?????? 26 October 2010 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[12] "ERDO - Working Group" en . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-03-28 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ???? |script-title=: ????? ?????? ( ?????? )

[13] "Archived copy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-10-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-08 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )

[14] "Archived copy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-10-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-18 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )

[15] Decommissioning of nuclear facilities ???? ?????? 13 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[16] Decommissioning Nuclear Facilities ? January 2016 ???? ?????? 24 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[Nuclear_Power_in_the_World_Today-17] World Nuclear Power Reactors & Uranium Requirements ???? ?????? 8 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[jk-18] James Kanter. In Finland, Nuclear Renaissance Runs Into Trouble New York Times , 28 May 2009. ???? ?????? 27 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[19] "France nuclear power funding gets 1bn euro boost" . BBC News . 27 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-06-27 .

[Plans_For_New_Reactors_Worldwide-20] Plans For New Reactors Worldwide ???? ?????? 31 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

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