????? ?? ?????

???????? ?? ????? (2012) ^[1]^[2]

??????? ??????????? (41%)

????????? ???? (1.5%)

??? ?????? ??????????? (4.1%)

??????/????? ???? (1.7%)

??????? ??????? (25%)

??? ????? (5.5%)

????? (13%)

????? (6.5%)

????? ????????? (1.2%)

????? ????? (0.5%)

????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ???????? ? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????. ^[3] ???? ????? ??? ??? 1997 ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??????? ≪???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????≫? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????. ^[4] ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ≪???????≫ ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? 1982? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? 15 ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???. ^[5]

??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ≪?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????≫. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ^[6]^[7]

??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? 1991? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? (???????? ????? ?????? ?????????) ??????? ???? ^[8] ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ≪?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????≫? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ≪???????≫? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????. ^[9]???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ≪???? ?????????? ??????≫? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ≪???? ??? ???????≫. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ^[10]

??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????????? [ ??? ]

???????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 2012? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? 47.1% ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????: ?? ??? ?????? ??? 2012? ???? ???? ?????? ?? 76% ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 2013 ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? 65% ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 2011 ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? 73.6% ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 2011 ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? 69% ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 2010 ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? (VCIOM) ?? ??? 77% ?? ????? ???????. ^[11]

???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????. ??? ????????? ???????????? (??? ?????) ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? . ^[12]

???????? ??????????? [ ??? ]

??? ????????? ????????? 42.6% ?? ???? ????? ??? 2012. ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? (???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????). ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? 1.5% ?? ????? ?????? (?? 2,100,00). ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????. ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? 4% ?? ???? ?????? ??????? (9%)? ?6% ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?6% ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?5% ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?4% ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?4% ?? ???? ???????? . ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????. ^[13]

??????????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 2012? ???? 58,800,000 ???? ?? 41% ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? 21% ?40% ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? 41% ??? ???? ?? 60% ?? ??? ?????? ???? 41% ??? 60% ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? 60% ?? ????? ??????? (69%)? ??? ??????? ??????? (62%) ??? ????? ??????? (71%) ??? ?????? ??????? (78%) ??? ???? ??????? (63%) ??? ?????????? ??????? (61%)? ??? ???????? (69%) ??? ????? ???????? ??????? (69%). ^[14]

???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? (???????? ?????; ???????? ????????????? ???????) ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? (????????????? ????????? ???????)? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? 1949 ???. ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ????? (????? ????????) ???????? (?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????). ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????. ^[15]

???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ??????? 0.2% (400?000) ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? 2012? ????? ?????? ???? ?? 1% ??? ?? ??????? ??????? (1.6%) ???????? ????? (1.2%) ???????? ??????? (1%) ????? ?? (1%). ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????. ?? ??? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????? 10% ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? 1% ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ^[16]

??????????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????????? ?? ??? 2012 ??? 140 ??? ????? ????? ??? 0.1% ?? ????? ??????. ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? 0.1% ? 0.7% ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ≪???????????? ????????≫ ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????.

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????. ??? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? 9,960,000 ????????? ??????. ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????. ^[17]

????????????? ????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??? 0.2% (?? 300 ??? ????) ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? 2012. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? 1% ?? ???? (1.8%)? ?????????? (1.4%) ???????? ????? (1%). ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????. ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? 120 ?????. ^[18]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia" . Sreda, 2012. ???? ?????? 06 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps . "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived . ???? ?????? 25 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Main page project "Arena" " . Non-profit research based consulting "Sreda" (??????????? ?????????). 19 Oct 2012. Archived from the original on 2020-09-20 . Retrieved 2020-01-05 .
^ Fagan 2013 ? ???? 127.
^ Bourdeaux 2003 ? ???? 47.
^ Knox 2008 ? ????? 282?283.
^ Uzzell 2000 ? ???? 168: "Religious freedom grew steadily in Russia from about the mid-1980s to approximately 1993. ... The real religious freedom that existed in practice was ... a result of the turmoil and chaos of the early 1990s, which prevented the Russian elite from keeping a steady hand on things. That hand is firmer now, and there has been a steady deterioration of religious freedom over the past five years. In 1994, the first provincial law restricting the rights of religious minorities was passed, in Tula , about two hundred miles south of Moscow. About one-third of Russia's provinces have passed similar laws since then, and in 1997 the national government passed a law explicitly distinguishing between first-class 'religious organizations' and second-class 'religious groups', which have far fewer rights".
^ Kharitonova 2015 ? passim.
^ Tkatcheva 1994 ? passim.
^ Znamenski 2003 ? passim.
^ Fagan 2013 ? ????? 1?2.
^ Fagan 2013 ? ???? 1.
^ Rosenthal 1997 ? ???? 10.
^ Fagan 2013 ? ???? 3.
^ Fagan 2013 ? ???? 129.
^ Filatov & Lunkin 2006 ? ????? 33?35.
^ Filatov & Lunkin 2006 ? ????? 40?43.
^ Filatov & Lunkin 2006 ? ???? 40.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????? ?? ?????

[ArenaAtlas-1] "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia" . Sreda, 2012. ???? ?????? 06 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[2012maps-2] 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps . "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived . ???? ?????? 25 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[:0-3] "Main page project "Arena" " . Non-profit research based consulting "Sreda" (??????????? ?????????). 19 Oct 2012. Archived from the original on 2020-09-20 . Retrieved 2020-01-05 .

[FOOTNOTEFagan2013127-4] Fagan 2013 ? ???? 127.

[FOOTNOTEBourdeaux200347-5] Bourdeaux 2003 ? ???? 47.

[FOOTNOTEKnox2008282–283-6] Knox 2008 ? ????? 282?283.

[FOOTNOTEUzzell2000168:_"Religious_freedom_grew_steadily_in_Russia_from_about_the_mid-1980s_to_approximately_1993._..._The_real_religious_freedom_that_existed_in_practice_was_..._a_result_of_the_turmoil_and_chaos_of_the_early_1990s,_which_prevented_the_Russian_elite_from_keeping_a_steady_hand_on_things._That_hand_is_firmer_now,_and_there_has_been_a_steady_deterioration_of_religious_freedom_over_the_past_five_years._In_1994,_the_first_provincial_law_restricting_the_rights_of_religious_minorities_was_passed,_in_[[تولا_أوبلاست|Tula]],_about_two_hundred_miles_south_of_Moscow._About_one-third_of_Russia's_provinces_have_passed_similar_laws_since_then,_and_in_1997_the_national_government_passed_a_law_explicitly_distinguishing_between_first-class_'religious_organizations'_and_second-class_'religious_groups',_which_have_far_fewer_rights"-7] Uzzell 2000 ? ???? 168: "Religious freedom grew steadily in Russia from about the mid-1980s to approximately 1993. ... The real religious freedom that existed in practice was ... a result of the turmoil and chaos of the early 1990s, which prevented the Russian elite from keeping a steady hand on things. That hand is firmer now, and there has been a steady deterioration of religious freedom over the past five years. In 1994, the first provincial law restricting the rights of religious minorities was passed, in Tula , about two hundred miles south of Moscow. About one-third of Russia's provinces have passed similar laws since then, and in 1997 the national government passed a law explicitly distinguishing between first-class 'religious organizations' and second-class 'religious groups', which have far fewer rights".

[FOOTNOTEKharitonova2015passim-8] Kharitonova 2015 ? passim.

[FOOTNOTETkatcheva1994passim-9] Tkatcheva 1994 ? passim.

[FOOTNOTEZnamenski2003passim-10] Znamenski 2003 ? passim.

[FOOTNOTEFagan20131–2-11] Fagan 2013 ? ????? 1?2.

[FOOTNOTEFagan20131-12] Fagan 2013 ? ???? 1.

[FOOTNOTERosenthal199710-13] Rosenthal 1997 ? ???? 10.

[FOOTNOTEFagan20133-14] Fagan 2013 ? ???? 3.

[FOOTNOTEFagan2013129-15] Fagan 2013 ? ???? 129.

[FOOTNOTEFilatovLunkin200633–35-16] Filatov & Lunkin 2006 ? ????? 33?35.

[FOOTNOTEFilatovLunkin200640–43-17] Filatov & Lunkin 2006 ? ????? 40?43.

[FOOTNOTEFilatovLunkin200640-18] Filatov & Lunkin 2006 ? ???? 40.

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