?????? ??????

?????? ??????
	????? ????? - ?????

?????? ?????? ( ?????????? : Schmotzigen Donnerstag? ?????????? : Γλυκοπ?μπτη? ?????????? : Tłusty czwartek? ???????? : Torkos csutortok)? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? .

????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? . ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ( ???????? ?????? ). ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? . ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ( ??????????? : p?czki) ??? ?? ?????? ????????. ^[1] ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????.

????? [ ??? ]

?????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? Tłusty Czwartek. ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????????? p?czki (?????)? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? (??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????) ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ^[2]^[3] ???? ????? ????? ?????? (?????) ????? ?? ??? ?????.

??????? [ ??? ]

Weiberfastnacht ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? . ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ^[4] ???? ?????????? ?????? 11:11 ?????? ?? ???????. ????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????. ^[5] ??? ???????? ???????? ?? Beueler Weiberfastnacht (≪???????? ??????? ?? ?????≫) ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???. ^[6] ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? 1824 ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ≪???? ????????≫ ?????? ???. ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????. ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ≪???????≫ ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? Butzchen (???? ?????) ??????. ^[7]

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ?? Giovedi grasso (??? ??????) ?? ???????? ^[8] ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ( ???????? ?????? ). ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ≪?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????≫. ^[9] ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? "Giovedi Grasso" ?? ??????? ??????? Vendetta (1886) ???????? ????? ≪???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????≫. ^[10]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Poles gorge themselves on Fat Thursday-TheNews.pl, http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/90408,Poles-gorge-themselves-on-Fat-Thursday ???? ?????? 2019-04-11 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Fat Thursday & Herring Night" . inyourpocket.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? 7, 2016 . ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 7, 2016 .
^ "Poland celebrates 'Fat Thursday' " . thenews.pl . ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? 7, 2016 . ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 7, 2016 .
^ "Attack of the Giant Bananas: Germany Kicks off Carnival" ???? ?????? May 13, 2016, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . Tyrone Daily Herald (February 7, 1996): 9. via ????????.???
^ "Mark in Germany" ???? ?????? May 13, 2016, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . Lake Park News (March 2, 1972): 7. via ????????.???
^ "This was 'Weiberfastnacht,' and Milady Held the Reins" ???? ?????? May 12, 2016, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . Salt Lake Tribune (February 6, 1959): 35. via ????????.???
^ Petra Pluwatsch: Weiberfastnacht ? Die Geschichte eines ganz besonderen Tages. KiWi, Koln, ( ???? 978-3-462-03805-7 )
^ "'Fat Thursday' Celebrated by the Romans" ???? ?????? February 2, 2017, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . Lebanon Daily News (February 27, 1930): 1. via ????????.???
^ Dwight, "Carnival of Venice Opens" ???? ?????? May 13, 2016, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . The Times (Philadelphia) (February 10, 1899): 7. via ????????.???
^ Marie Corelli, Vendetta: A Story of One Forgotten ???? ?????? January 18, 2017, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . (Floating Press 2015): 376. ( ???? 9781776587513 )

???? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ?????? ??????

[1] Poles gorge themselves on Fat Thursday-TheNews.pl, http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/90408,Poles-gorge-themselves-on-Fat-Thursday ???? ?????? 2019-04-11 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[2] "Fat Thursday & Herring Night" . inyourpocket.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? 7, 2016 . ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 7, 2016 .

[3] "Poland celebrates 'Fat Thursday' " . thenews.pl . ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? 7, 2016 . ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 7, 2016 .

[4] "Attack of the Giant Bananas: Germany Kicks off Carnival" ???? ?????? May 13, 2016, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . Tyrone Daily Herald (February 7, 1996): 9. via ????????.???

[5] "Mark in Germany" ???? ?????? May 13, 2016, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . Lake Park News (March 2, 1972): 7. via ????????.???

[6] "This was 'Weiberfastnacht,' and Milady Held the Reins" ???? ?????? May 12, 2016, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . Salt Lake Tribune (February 6, 1959): 35. via ????????.???

[7] Petra Pluwatsch: Weiberfastnacht ? Die Geschichte eines ganz besonderen Tages. KiWi, Koln, ( ???? 978-3-462-03805-7 )

[8] "'Fat Thursday' Celebrated by the Romans" ???? ?????? February 2, 2017, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . Lebanon Daily News (February 27, 1930): 1. via ????????.???

[9] Dwight, "Carnival of Venice Opens" ???? ?????? May 13, 2016, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . The Times (Philadelphia) (February 10, 1899): 7. via ????????.???

[10] Marie Corelli, Vendetta: A Story of One Forgotten ???? ?????? January 18, 2017, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . (Floating Press 2015): 376. ( ???? 9781776587513 )

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