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???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? . ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????. ?? ????????? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? "??? ???????? - ?? ???????? - ??? ????????".

????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? "???? ?????????" ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? "??????" ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????. ^[1]

????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? "????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????????. ^[2] ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????. ^[3] ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ^[3] ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????. ^[3] ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????. ^[3]

?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? "??? ???????? - ?? ???????? - ??? ????????". ^[3] ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ^[4] ?? ????? "????? ???? ????????" ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? "????? ?? ????? ???". ^[4]

????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????. ^[4] ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? "??????? ?? ??????". ^[4]

??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? "????? ??????? ????" ? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? 1950-1951 ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ^[1]

??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ^[1] ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? "??????" ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????. ^[1]

????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????. ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? 1961 ???: "??????? ?? ???????"?" ???? ?????????" ?? ????????.

????? ????? ?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ^[5] ???????? ?? ??? 2014? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ? "??? ???? ????? ?????" ????? ?????? ????? ??????? . ^[6]

??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? "?????" ????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? " ???? ?????? ????????" ? ^[7] ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? "???? ?? ???? ??????" ". ^[5]

???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? "???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????"? ^[8] ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? 24? ? ????? ??? 17000 ????? ?????? ????? 2750 ??????? ???????. ^[5] ???? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????: ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? 17 ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ^[9] ???? ??? ?????? 20 ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ^[10]

????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????: "??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????." ^[11]

???????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? "?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????"? ??? ??? ??????? ?????. ^[12]

??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? "???? ?????????" ???? ??????????. ^[13]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????
????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????
???? ????? ????? (??????? ????????)

????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? ^? ^? Steiner, H. Arthur (Jun 1951). "Current "Mass Line" Tactics in Communist China" . American Political Science Review (???????????). 45 (2): 422?436. DOI : 10.2307/1951469 . ISSN : 0003-0554 . JSTOR : 1951469 .
^ Lin? Chun (2019). "Mass Line". ?? Sorace? Christian? Franceschini? Ivan? Loubere? Nicholas (????????). Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi . Canberra: ANU Press . ?. 122. ISBN : 9781788734769 . JSTOR : j.ctvk3gng9.23 . OCLC : 1107512484 .
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Karl? Rebecca E. (2010). Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history . Durham [NC]: Duke University Press . ?. 58?59. ISBN : 978-0-8223-4780-4 . OCLC : 503828045 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-12-12.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? Lin? Chun (2006). The transformation of Chinese socialism . Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press . ?. 142, 144, 147. ISBN : 978-0-8223-3785-0 . OCLC : 63178961 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-03-07.
^ ^? ^? ^? "Xi demands implementation of 'mass line' campaign" . ????? ????? ??????? . 10 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-03-12.
^ "CPC's "mass line" campaign not a short-term movement - People's Daily Online" . ????? ????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-08-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-08-09 .
^ "People's Daily editorial stresses stronger ties with masses - People's Daily Online" . ????? ????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-08-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-01-14 .
^ "Xinhua Insight: Secretive government receptions defy China's central authority" . ????? ????? ?????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-01-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-01-14 .
^ "Masses of meetings" . ?? ?????????? . 13 ????? 2013. ISSN : 0013-0613 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-11-12 .
^ Tiezzi? Shannon (27 ?????? 2013). "The Mass Line Campaign in the 21st Century" . The Diplomat . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-12-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-05-26 . Xinhua says that almost 20,000 Party officials have been punished this year ...
^ A.? Korolev (14 ????? 2017). "De-ideologized Mass Line, Regime Responsiveness, and State-Society Relations" . China Review . ?. 17 ?. 2: 7?36. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-06-12.
^ Teiwes? Frederick C. (2000). "The Chinese State During the Maoist Era". ?? Shambaugh? David (??????). The Modern Chinese State . Cambridge: ????? ????? ???????? . ?. 105 ?160. DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511528194 . ISBN : 9780521776035 .
^ Elbaum, Max (10 Apr 2018). Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che (???????????). Verso Books . ISBN : 978-1-78663-458-0 . OCLC : 1031091411 .

[steiner-1] ? ^? ^? ^? Steiner, H. Arthur (Jun 1951). "Current "Mass Line" Tactics in Communist China" . American Political Science Review (???????????). 45 (2): 422?436. DOI : 10.2307/1951469 . ISSN : 0003-0554 . JSTOR : 1951469 .

[Lin2019-2] Lin? Chun (2019). "Mass Line". ?? Sorace? Christian? Franceschini? Ivan? Loubere? Nicholas (????????). Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi . Canberra: ANU Press . ?. 122. ISBN : 9781788734769 . JSTOR : j.ctvk3gng9.23 . OCLC : 1107512484 .

[:0-3] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? Karl? Rebecca E. (2010). Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history . Durham [NC]: Duke University Press . ?. 58?59. ISBN : 978-0-8223-4780-4 . OCLC : 503828045 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-12-12.

[:1-4] ? ^? ^? ^? Lin? Chun (2006). The transformation of Chinese socialism . Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press . ?. 142, 144, 147. ISBN : 978-0-8223-3785-0 . OCLC : 63178961 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-03-07.

[english.peopledaily.com.cn-5] ? ^? ^? "Xi demands implementation of 'mass line' campaign" . ????? ????? ??????? . 10 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-03-12.

[6] "CPC's "mass line" campaign not a short-term movement - People's Daily Online" . ????? ????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-08-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-08-09 .

[7] "People's Daily editorial stresses stronger ties with masses - People's Daily Online" . ????? ????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-08-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-01-14 .

[8] "Xinhua Insight: Secretive government receptions defy China's central authority" . ????? ????? ?????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-01-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-01-14 .

[9] "Masses of meetings" . ?? ?????????? . 13 ????? 2013. ISSN : 0013-0613 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-11-12 .

[10] Tiezzi? Shannon (27 ?????? 2013). "The Mass Line Campaign in the 21st Century" . The Diplomat . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-12-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-05-26 . Xinhua says that almost 20,000 Party officials have been punished this year ...

[Korolev-11] A.? Korolev (14 ????? 2017). "De-ideologized Mass Line, Regime Responsiveness, and State-Society Relations" . China Review . ?. 17 ?. 2: 7?36. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-06-12.

[teiwes-12] Teiwes? Frederick C. (2000). "The Chinese State During the Maoist Era". ?? Shambaugh? David (??????). The Modern Chinese State . Cambridge: ????? ????? ???????? . ?. 105 ?160. DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511528194 . ISBN : 9780521776035 .

[13] Elbaum, Max (10 Apr 2018). Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che (???????????). Verso Books . ISBN : 978-1-78663-458-0 . OCLC : 1031091411 .

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