?????? ?????? ?? ????

?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? . ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????.?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?? ??? 2002? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 134 ????? ?? ???????? ? ?532 ????? ?? ?????? (354 ????? ???? ?155 ?????)? ????? ?? 1600 ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ^[1]^[2]

???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ^[1]^[3] ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????.

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? "Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands ? Chad" (PDF) . Birdlife International Organization. ????? ?? ????? (pdf) ?? 2016-09-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-10-16 .
^ Brundu? Giuseppe? Camarda? Ignazio (2013). "The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis" . Phytokeys . ?. 23 ?. 23: 1?18. DOI : 10.3897/phytokeys.23.4752 . PMC : 3690977 . PMID : 23805051 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-10-17 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ????? ??? ???? ( link )
^ "Plant and Animal Life" . The Living Africa. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-12-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-10-17 .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ?????? ?????? ?? ????

??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

[Bird-1] ? ^? "Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands ? Chad" (PDF) . Birdlife International Organization. ????? ?? ????? (pdf) ?? 2016-09-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-10-16 .

[Flora-2] Brundu? Giuseppe? Camarda? Ignazio (2013). "The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis" . Phytokeys . ?. 23 ?. 23: 1?18. DOI : 10.3897/phytokeys.23.4752 . PMC : 3690977 . PMID : 23805051 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-10-17 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ????? ??? ???? ( link )

[LTQ-3] "Plant and Animal Life" . The Living Africa. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-12-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-10-17 .

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