????? ????????? ??????? ???????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
????? ??????? ????????? ???????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????
??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????.
??????? ????
??????? 7 ????? 1937  ( 1937-07-07 ) - 9 ?????? 1945  ( 1945-09-09 )
?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P828) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ?? ????? ???????
???????
  • ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????
  • ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????
  • ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????
  • ???? ????? ??????? ???????
??????????
  ??????? ????? (????? ?????)
  ??????? ??????? 
(1933?38) 
  
  
???????? ???????
  (1941?45) 
 
  
??????? ????????
  (1937?41, 1945) 
 
 المملكة المتحدة ??? ?????????

(1942?45)

اليابان ?????????? ??????? (?? ????? ?????? ???????? )
????? ??????? (1940?45)
??????? (1932?45)
????????? (1936?45)
??????? ??????? (1937?40)
????? ??????? ??????? (1937?40)
???? ??????? (1937?38)
??????
تايوان ????? ??? ???
تايوان ??? ????
تايوان ???? ?????
تايوان ??? ?????
تايوان ?? ????
تايوان ????? ??
تايوان ??? ????? ??
تايوان ?? ?????
تايوان ?? ?? ????
تايوان ?? ???
تايوان ?? ?? ??
تايوان ?? ??????
الاتحاد السوفيتي ??? ??? ????
الاتحاد السوفيتي ??? ???
الاتحاد السوفيتي ??? ?? ????
الولايات المتحدة ???? ???????
الولايات المتحدة ???? ?? ????
الولايات المتحدة ????? ???? ???????? 		اليابان ????????
إمبراطورية اليابان ????????? ?????
إمبراطورية اليابان ????? ??????
إمبراطورية اليابان ?????? ????
إمبراطورية اليابان ?????? ???????
إمبراطورية اليابان ????? ????????
إمبراطورية اليابان ?????? ??????
إمبراطورية اليابان ?????? ?????
إمبراطورية اليابان ?????? ????????
إمبراطورية اليابان ?????? ???????
إمبراطورية اليابان ?????? ????
إمبراطورية اليابان ???????? ??????
تايوان ???? ??????
????
?????
تايوان 14,000,000 ????????

1,700,000 (1937)
5,700,000 (1945)
الاتحاد السوفيتي 1,200,000 (1945)

إمبراطورية اليابان 4,100,000 ????????

600,000 (1937)
1,124,900 (1945)
(???????? ???? ????? ????????)
??????? ? تايوان 900,000 (1945)

???????
?????? ?????? ??????:
1,320,000 ????
1,797,000 ????
120,000 ?????
???????: 3,237,000

?????? ???????:
160,603 ????
290,467 ????
87,208 ?????
45,989 ????
???????: 584,267
???????:
??????? ???????? ??? ????? 1937 :
19373,800,000 ? 10,600,000+
???? ?????? 400,000 ? 1,000,000
??????? ??????? ???????:
?????? ???????? 17,000,000 ? 22,000,000

????????? ????????? ?????? 820,000 ???? ? 520,000 ?????? ?54,000 ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????.
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب



????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????
???????? ??????? (1919-1939)
???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????
- ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? -
1919 ?????? ?????
1919 ????? ????????? ?????????
1920 ?????? ???????
1920 ?????? ?????
1921 ??????? ??????? ????????
1922 ????? ??? ????
1923 ????? ?????
1923 ?????? ??? ?????
1923 ????? ????????? ???????? ???????
1925 ????? (????)
1924 ??? ???
1925 ?????? ???????
1927 ????? ??????? ???????
1929 ??? ????
1929 ?????? ??????
1931 ????? ???????? ????????
1931-1942 ????? ???????
1932 ????? 28 ?????
1933 ????? ????
1932-1934 ????? ??? ?????? ???????
1933 ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????
1933 ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????
1933 ???? ????
1933-1936 ??????? ?? ??????? ????????
1934 ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????
1933 ??????? ???????? ?????????
1935 ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????
1935 ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????
1935 ??????? ??-??????
1935 ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????
1935 ???? 9 ??????
1935 ????? ????????? ????????? ???????
1935 ????? ????? ????????
1936 ????? ??????? ?????????
1936 ??? ?????? ?????????
1936 ???? ??????
1936 ????? ????
1937 ????? ????????? ??????? ???????
1937 ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????
???? 1938 ??????
1938 ???? ????
1938 ????? ????? ?????
1938 ??????? ????
1938 ???????? ???????? ??????????????
1938 ?????? ?????
?????? 1938 ???? ????? ??????
???? 1939 ???????? ???????? ??????????????
1939 ????? ?????? ???????? - ????????
1939 ??????? ???????? ?????????
???? 1939 ????? ??????? ??????????
1939 ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????
1939 ??????? ??????? ???????-??????
1939 ????? ???????? ????????
1939 ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????
1939 ??? ?????
1939 ???? ??????
????-?????? 1939 ????? ?????? ???
????? 1939 ????? ???????-????????
?????? 1939 ??? ??????
??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? 1940
????? ?????

???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? 7 ????? 1937 ??? ?????? 1945. ???? ????? ?????? ≪??? ????? ????≫ ?? ??? 1937? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? 1931. [1] ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? (中?抗日??) ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (Zh?ngguo Kangri Zhanzh?ng) ??? ???? ?????? (??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????).

????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? 1941? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ? [2] [3] ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1937 ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. [4] ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? 10 ?????? ? 25 ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? 4 ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????.

???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????. ?? ???  ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ≪?????? ????≫ ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????. ??? ??? 1931? ????? ≪ ????? ?????? ≫ ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? (?????) ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? 1931 ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????. [5] [6] [7] ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1931 ??? ??? 1937? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ≪???????≫.

?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? 1937? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? (?????????) ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? 1939? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ?? ?????? 1939? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? 1940.

?? 7 ?????? 1941? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? 1944? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? 1945? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????????.

???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? 1945? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? (???????? ?????? ?? ???????) ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? 1945? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? 1946. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? 22 ? 26 ?????? 1943? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? / ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. [8] [9] [10]

???????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? 1894-1895? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????/ ??????? ?? ????? ??? 1895 ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? (???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1895). [11] [12] [13] ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????. [14]

??????? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 1912? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? (1644-1911). ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????. [15] ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ≪????? ?????≫ ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????????. [16]

???? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1915? ????? ??????? ≪???? ?????? ??????≫ ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? (??????? ?????? ?????? ??????) ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 1926 ??? ??? 1928 ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. [17] [18]

????? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ?????? ?????? ( ?? ?? ???)? ?????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? 1928? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??????? ?? ?? ??? 2000 ? 11000 ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????. [19] [20]

????? ????? ????? (1928) [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ??????? ????? ??????? ??????

?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? 1928. ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???- ???? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????. [21] [22]

????? ??????? ????????? 1929 [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ?????? ?????? ???????? (1929)

??? ???? ?????- ?????? ??? 1929 ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (?? ?? ??) ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????. [23]

???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? 1921 ?1927 ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? 1929 ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ??? 1930? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???. ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????. [24]

????? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1930? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? (?? ??? ??) ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 1927? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ≪??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????≫.

?????: ??? ??????? ????? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????) ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? . ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? 1931. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ≪???? ?? 120 ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????≫. [25]

??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1932? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????.

???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ??? 1932? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? 28 ????? . ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????. ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????.

?? ??? 1933? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????- ???????. ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? .

?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???. ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????. ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???????: ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????.

???? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ?? ??? 1935? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??-??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????  ????? ?? ???. ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????- ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? 1935? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???- ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? 12 ???? 1936. ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? 1937

1937: ??? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? 7 ????? 1937? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? (?? ????)? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? (????? ? ????? 1937). ?? 29 ?????? ???? ??? 5,000 ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? 260 ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? 1901? ?? ?????? (?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????). ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ??? 60 ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ≪??? ??????≫.

???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? 9 ????? 1937? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? .

???? ???? ???????????? ?? 13 ????? 1937? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? 14 ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? 3,000 ????. [26]

????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? 14 ????? ??? 16 ?? ??? 1937? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? 3 ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???-26 ?281 ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? (50%) ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? (??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? 14 ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ). [27] [28]

????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? 18 ?????? 1937? ??????? ??? 5 ?? ≪????≫ ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? . [29] [30] ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? 5 ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? 70,000 ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? 6,300 ???? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? 23 ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? 3 ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???-26/281? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? 2 ?? ???? 4 ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? 4 ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???-26/281? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? . ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? 200 ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????. [31] ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ?? 26 ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? 5 ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ??????? ?? 9 ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????.

????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ????? (??????1937) ???? ????? ???????? (??????- ?????? 1937)? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ??? 350,000 ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????????.

???? ???????? ??? ??? 13 ?????? 1937 ?????? ????? 1938? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? 40,000 ??? 300,000 ???? (?????? ?? ????????) ?? ≪????? ??????≫ ???????? ????? ???? ≪?????? ??????≫? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? 32,000 ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? 250,000 ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? . ??? ???? ?? 75% ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????.

?? ??? 2005? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 2001? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ≪?????≫? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????. ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? 2005 ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ≪????? ??????≫ ?? ≪????? ??????≫. ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??: ≪????? ]?????? ?????????[ ??? ??????? ?? ??????≫. ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????. [32]

1938 [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? 1938? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? (???? - ????? 1938). ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ?? 6 ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????. [33]

???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? 5 ?7 ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ??? 400 ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? 10 ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? 27 ?????? 1938? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? 1937. ?? ??? 1937? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????.

?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

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