????? ?????????? ????????? ???????

????? ?????????? ????????? ???????
???????	???? property ??? ?????.
?????	?????? 1817
?????	?????? 1818
??????	????????????
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? (1817-1818) ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ^[1] ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? . ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? (?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???????) ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????.

?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????.

???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????. ^[2]

???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? . ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????????. ?? ??? 1848? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????. ^[3]

?????????? ???????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????????? ????????? ??? 1674 ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ^[4] ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? (????? ?????? ???????) ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? (???? ???????).

???? ?????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ???? 1739? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? 12 ???? 1739? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ^[5] ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???????????. ^[6] ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ^[6]

???? ?????? 1761-1750? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 1793 ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[7]

??? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? 14 ????? 1761 ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? (??????? ???????) ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????. ^[8] ??? ???? ??? ???? 1761 ?1773? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????. ^[9]

???????? ?????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? 1773. ^[10] ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? 1775? ^[11] ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ^[12]

???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????. ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ^[13] ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ^[14] ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? 1782 ?????? ??????? ????. ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????.

??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1786 ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? 11 ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1800. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? 1801? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????.

??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? 1803. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????. ^[14]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? (????????? ???? ????????). ???? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????. ^[15]

?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????.

????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ^[16] ?? ??????? ??? ???????? (?????? ????) ?? 13 ????? 1817. ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????. ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ^[17] ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ^[16]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Bakshi & Ralhan 2007 ? ???? 261.
^ Naravane 2006 ? ????? 79?86.
^ Black 2006 ? ???? 78.
^ Subburaj 2000 ? ???? 13.
^ Sen 1994 ? ???? 1.
^ ^? ^? Sen 1994 ? ???? 2.
^ Sen 1994 ? ???? 3.
^ Sen 1994 ? ???? 4.
^ Sen 1994 ? ????? 4?9.
^ Sen 1994 ? ???? 9.
^ Sen 1994 ? ???? 10.
^ Sen 1994 ? ????? 10?11.
^ Sen 1994 ? ???? 11.
^ ^? ^? Schmidt 1995 ? ???? 64.
^ Chhabra 2005 ? ???? 39.
^ ^? ^? Naravane 2006 ? ????? 79?80.
^ Chhabra 2005 ? ???? 17.

????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[FOOTNOTEBakshiRalhan2007261-1] Bakshi & Ralhan 2007 ? ???? 261.

[FOOTNOTENaravane200679–86-2] Naravane 2006 ? ????? 79?86.

[FOOTNOTEBlack200678-3] Black 2006 ? ???? 78.

[FOOTNOTESubburaj200013-4] Subburaj 2000 ? ???? 13.

[FOOTNOTESen19941-5] Sen 1994 ? ???? 1.

[FOOTNOTESen19942-6] ? ^? Sen 1994 ? ???? 2.

[FOOTNOTESen19943-7] Sen 1994 ? ???? 3.

[FOOTNOTESen19944-8] Sen 1994 ? ???? 4.

[FOOTNOTESen19944–9-9] Sen 1994 ? ????? 4?9.

[FOOTNOTESen19949-10] Sen 1994 ? ???? 9.

[FOOTNOTESen199410-11] Sen 1994 ? ???? 10.

[FOOTNOTESen199410–11-12] Sen 1994 ? ????? 10?11.

[FOOTNOTESen199411-13] Sen 1994 ? ???? 11.

[FOOTNOTESchmidt199564-14] ? ^? Schmidt 1995 ? ???? 64.

[FOOTNOTEChhabra200539-15] Chhabra 2005 ? ???? 39.

[FOOTNOTENaravane200679–80-16] ? ^? Naravane 2006 ? ????? 79?80.

[FOOTNOTEChhabra200517-17] Chhabra 2005 ? ???? 17.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

? ? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????
????? ?????? ???	Virginia (1609?46) Swally (1612) ???? (1622) Saint Kitts (1626) Quebec (1628) ??? ???????? Acadia (1654?67) ????? ?????????? ????????? (1654 ? 1660) ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? (1664) ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????-?????? ??? ????? ?????? Ghana (1694?1700)
????? ?????? ???	??? ?????? ?? Tuscarora War (1711?15) Yamasee War (1715?17) ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? (1749?55) ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????-??????? First Carib War (1769?73) ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? First Anglo?Maratha War (1775?82) ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? Gold Coast (1781?82) Sumatra (1782?84) ???? ?????? ?????????? Nootka Sound (1789) ????? ???????-??????? ??????? Cotiote (Wayanad) War (1793?1806) Cape Colony (1795) Jamaica (1795?96) Ceylon (1795) ???? ?????? Malta (1798?1800) ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? Dwyer's Guerrilla Campaign (1799?1803)
????? ?????? ???	Newfoundland (1800) ???? ????? ???? ??? Second Anglo?Maratha War (1803?05) Suriname (1804) Guiana (1804) Cape Colony (1806) ??? ?? ?? ????? (1806?07) ???? ??? (1807) Froberg mutiny (1807) Reunion (1809) ????? ???? Mauritius (1810) ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? 1812 ????? ?????????? ????????? Guadeloupe (1815) Cape Colony (1815) ??? ??????? (1816) ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? (1817?18) Guiana (1823) ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? Malacca (1831?33) ???? ???? ?????? Upper Canada (1837?38) ????? ??????? - ????????? (1839-1841) ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? (1845?72) ??? ????? ?????? Rio de la Plata (1845?50) British Honduras (1847?1901) Ceylon (1848) ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? (1857?59) Ambela Campaign (1863?64) Bhutan War (1864?65) ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? Manitoba (1870) Perak (1875?76) ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? (1879?80) Basutoland (1880?81) ??? ?????? ?????? (1880?81) ?????? ??????? (1881?99) ????? ?????????? ??????? (1882) ???? ?????? ?????? Central Africa (1886?89) ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? Hazara (1888) Mashonaland (1890) Hunza-Nagar Campaign (1891) ??? ???????-??????? ??? ???????? ?????? North Borneo (1894?1905) Chitral Expedition (1895) ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? 1897 Siege of Malakand (1897) First Mohmand Campaign (1897?98) Tirah campaign (1897?98) ??? ?????? ????? (1899) ??????? ????????? (1898?1901) ??? ?????? ???????
????? ???????	Somaliland (1900?20) ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? Bambatha Rebellion (1906) ???? ?????? Tochi (1914?15) Nyasaland (1915) Nigeria (1915) Peshawar (1915) Mohmand (1916?17) Nigeria (1918) ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? (1919) Waziristan campaign (1919?1920) ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? (1927?30) Tirah (1930?31) ???? ???? ???????? (1931?32) Second Mohmand Campaign (1935) ???? ?????? 1936 Waziristan campaign (1936?1939) Ethiopia (1943) ????? ??????? (1945?46) ????? ???????? Sarawak (1946?50) ??????? ?????????? (1948?60) ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? (1956) ???? ???? Brunei (1962) ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? (1962?66) ???? 14 ?????? ????????? (1982)