????? ??????? ????????? (2018-?????)

???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? 2020. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????. ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? 9 ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????. ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1889. ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? 1935 ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????.. ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? (??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????) ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????. ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? 2014-2016? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ^[5]

????? ?????????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? 100 ???? ??? ????? ??? 2021. ^[6]^[7]

????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? 58 ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? 10-11 ????? ?? ??? 2019 ??? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????. ^[8]

??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? 22 ????? 2019. ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? (???? ??????? ??????)? ?????? ????? (?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????)? ???????? ?????? (?????? ??????? ?????? ?????). ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? 36 ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???. ^[9]

?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? 18 ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? 303 ???. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? 16 ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? 281 ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????. ^[10]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????????? ?? 13 ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? 55 ??? ???? 670 ?????. ^[11]

?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? 29 ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ??? 83 ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 150 ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ^[12]

?????? 2 ?????? 2020? ??? ?? ??? 32 ?54 ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? 60 ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???200 ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????. ^[13]

??? ??? 29 ????? ?????? 5 ???? 2021? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????.

????? ????????-???? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????????-???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ≪????????≫. ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? 2020? ??? ??? 200 ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????-???? ?? ????? 2021. ^[14]

?? ???? 2020? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????-???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????.

??????? [ ??? ]

^ BBC Staff (3 Nov 2020). "Ethiopia attack: Dozens 'rounded up and killed' in Oromia state" . BBC (???????????). Archived from the original on 2021-11-30 . Retrieved 2021-05-25 .
^ Reuters Staff (7 Apr 2021). "At least 100 killed in border clashes between Ethiopia's Somali and Afar regions - official" . Reuters (???????????). Archived from the original on 2021-11-03 . Retrieved 2021-04-08 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: |????= ???? ??? ( help )
^ "More than 100 killed in latest ethnic massacre in Ethiopia" . AP . 23 ?????? 2020. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-12-23 .
^ Kleinfeld? Phillip? Parker? Ben (23 ?????? 2020). "Ethiopia's other conflicts" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-06-11 .
^ Ethiopia: land of slavery & brutality (PDF) . League of Nations. 1935. ?. 2?5. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2021-10-06.
^ OROMO CONTINUE TO FLEE VIOLENCE ? ?????? 1981? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-12
^ Country Information Report ethiopia ? 12 ????? 2020? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-12 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2022-02-15 {{ ??????? }}: ???? ?? ???? |????= ( ?????? )
^ Ethiopia. Status of Amharas ? 1 ???? 1993? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-05
^ "Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF ? from rebels to rulers and back | Ethiopia | The Guardian" . amp.theguardian.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-12-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-11-28 .
^ "Change and Continuity in Protests and Political Violence PM Abiy's Ethiopia - Ethiopia" . ReliefWeb (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-11-25 . Retrieved 2021-11-28 .
^ "BEYOND LAW ENFORCEMENT HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BY ETHIOPIAN SECURITY FORCES IN AMHARA AND OROMIA" (PDF) . Amensty international . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2020-10-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-10-30 .
^ "President of the Amhara region killed" . Ethiopia Observer. 23 ????? 2019. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-10-23 .
^ "Ethiopia: Amhara attorney general dies after coup effort" . DW. 26 ????? 2019. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-10-30 .
^ Walsh? Declan? Marks? Simon (2 ?????? 2021). "Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency as Rebels Advance Toward Capital" . ??????? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-11-16 .

[BBC1120-1] BBC Staff (3 Nov 2020). "Ethiopia attack: Dozens 'rounded up and killed' in Oromia state" . BBC (???????????). Archived from the original on 2021-11-30 . Retrieved 2021-05-25 .

[Reuters-2] Reuters Staff (7 Apr 2021). "At least 100 killed in border clashes between Ethiopia's Somali and Afar regions - official" . Reuters (???????????). Archived from the original on 2021-11-03 . Retrieved 2021-04-08 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: |????= ???? ??? ( help )

[AP_Metekel_massacre-3] "More than 100 killed in latest ethnic massacre in Ethiopia" . AP . 23 ?????? 2020. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-12-23 .

[TheNewHumanitarian1120-4] Kleinfeld? Phillip? Parker? Ben (23 ?????? 2020). "Ethiopia's other conflicts" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-06-11 .

[5] Ethiopia: land of slavery & brutality (PDF) . League of Nations. 1935. ?. 2?5. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2021-10-06.

[6] OROMO CONTINUE TO FLEE VIOLENCE ? ?????? 1981? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-12

[7] Country Information Report ethiopia ? 12 ????? 2020? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-12 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2022-02-15 {{ ??????? }}: ???? ?? ???? |????= ( ?????? )

[8] Ethiopia. Status of Amharas ? 1 ???? 1993? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-05

[9] "Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF ? from rebels to rulers and back | Ethiopia | The Guardian" . amp.theguardian.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-12-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-11-28 .

[reliefweb.int-10] "Change and Continuity in Protests and Political Violence PM Abiy's Ethiopia - Ethiopia" . ReliefWeb (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-11-25 . Retrieved 2021-11-28 .

[11] "BEYOND LAW ENFORCEMENT HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BY ETHIOPIAN SECURITY FORCES IN AMHARA AND OROMIA" (PDF) . Amensty international . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2020-10-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-10-30 .

[12] "President of the Amhara region killed" . Ethiopia Observer. 23 ????? 2019. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-10-23 .

[13] "Ethiopia: Amhara attorney general dies after coup effort" . DW. 26 ????? 2019. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-10-30 .

[NYT_ET_state_emergency-14] Walsh? Declan? Marks? Simon (2 ?????? 2021). "Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency as Rebels Advance Toward Capital" . ??????? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-11-16 .

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