한국   대만   중국   일본 
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??????? 13 ?????? 1960 [1]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P585) في ويكي بيانات
????? ?????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P17) في ويكي بيانات
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26°18′42″N 0°03′26″W  /  26.311666666667°N 0.057222222222222°W  / 26.311666666667; -0.057222222222222   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P625) في ويكي بيانات
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خريطة
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب


??????? ?????? ( ????????? : Gerboise bleue )? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? (GOEN) ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????. [2] ????? ??????? ?? 13 ?????? 1960 ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????. [3] [4] ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? [??????????] ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? (??? ??????? ??????). [5]

???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ( ??????? ) ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ???? (??????) ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? . [6]

???????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????: ??????? ??????? ?? ???????

??????? [ ??? ]

?? 11 ????? 1958? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1960. ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? 1958 . [7]

?? 13 ?????? 1960 ??? ???? ?????? 7:04:00 ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? 100 ???. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? 16 ???????? ?? ???? ????????. ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????. ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????: ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? 45 ????? ???? ?????? ??????"? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????-???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????. [8]

?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? 15 ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? 70 ??????? [9] ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? (20 ??????)? ??? ?? ?? - 1 ????????? (22 ??????) ???????? ?????????? (25 ??????) ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? (????? ????? ?????? ) 22 ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????????.

????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? 60 ? 70 ???? ??. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???. [10] ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. [11]

??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???: ????? (??? ?? 100 ???? ??? ?? 20 ?????? 1963)? ??????? (??? ?? 150 ???? ??? ?? 25 ?????? 1965). ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? .

???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????. [12]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? 10 ??? / ???? ??? 0.8 ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ? 10 ??? / ???? ??? 28.5 ?? ? 3 ??? / ???? ??? 570 ??. ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? 2400 ??????? ?? ???? ????? 10 ?9 ???? / ??? ????. [9]

????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????. ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? (???? ??? ????? ??? ?? 1 ??????) ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????. ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. [13]

?????????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? 1960? ???? ????? ??? ????? 1961 ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ≪????? ?????≫? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? 5 ??????.

??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? (??????? ????)? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ??? 1962 ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? . ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? 12 ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???. [14] ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? 1966.

??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? (?????)? ??? ?????? 1961 ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? (??? ?? 20 ??????) ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? [??????????] . ?? 1 ???? 1962 ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????.

??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 1958 ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? 1961 ?????? ?? 136 ????? ????? ?? ??? H. ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? 50 ???? ?? (50000 ??????) ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? .

????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? 40 ???????? ?? ????? 1962 ??? ?????? 1962. ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? 7.45 ????? ?? ? 8.3 ????? ??. [3] ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? 596 (????? 22 ???? ??) ?? 16 ?????? 1964? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??? 6 (3.3 ????? ??) ?? 17 ????? 1967.

?? ??? 1968? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? (2.6 ????? ??) ?? ????????? [??????????] ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? . ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? 1966 ??? ??? 1996. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? (????? ??? ?? 120 ???? ??) ?? 27 ????? 1996.

???? ????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????:

???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????.

???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????

??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? (???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????) ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????.

????????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? . [15] ?? 2005 ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? 137 ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? 0.02 ? 2.0 ???? ???? / ? 2 ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? 1 ?? 2. [16] ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????. [17] ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????.

?? ??? 2009? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? . ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????. [18] ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ACRO? ??? ?????? ???????? [??????????] ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? 2021 ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? 137 ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????. [19]

?????? ????: ????? 150 ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? 150 ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? [20]

????????? ??????? ??????? ? 210 ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? 1960 ?1996.

??? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ?????? ?????

??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? 12 ????? ?? ??? 13 ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????/ ???? 1962 ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? 1986.

???? ?? ≪????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? 1962 ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2600 ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????≫.

??? ????? ??????? (69 ???) ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?????.

???? ??????? ≪??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????. ??? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? 2600 ???≫. [21]

???? ????? 17 ????? ????? ???? 6 ????? ??? ??? 1966? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? NHK.

??? ???????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ≪??????? ??????≫ ????? ???? ?????? 60 ?????? ? ?? ?? ????? 70 ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????. [22]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/il-y-a-60-ans-la-france-effectuait-son-premier-essai-nucleaire-dans-le-desert-algerien_3816425.html . {{ ??????? ??? }} : |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
  2. ^ Sokolski, Henry D.; Tertrais, Bruno (2013). Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach? (???????????). Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press. p. 31. ISBN : 978-1-5848-7574-1 . Archived from the original on 2022-03-15.
  3. ^ ? ? Senate of the French Republic (15 Dec 1997). "French Senate report #179: The first French tests in the Sahara" . senat.fr (?????????). Archived from the original on 2021-12-25 . Retrieved 2020-08-08 .
  4. ^ Garrett, Benjamin C. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Warfare (???????????). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 124. ISBN : 978-1-5381-0684-6 . Archived from the original on 2022-04-28.
  5. ^ ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????: ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? 2019-07-27 ?? Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Kutchesfahani, Sara Z (2018). Global Nuclear Order (???????????). Routledge. ISBN : 978-1-3519-9962-5 . Archived from the original on 2021-07-29.
  7. ^ "The Sprinters: Soviet Union, France, and China" ? Seeking the Bomb ? Princeton University Press? ?. 127?175? 31 ?????? 2020? DOI : 10.1515/9780691223063-006 ? ISBN : 978-0-691-22306-3 ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-01-20 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2022-01-20
  8. ^ "Nuclear Device exploded in the Sahara. - Afro-Asian Reactions. - Ghana freezes French Assets.- Moroccan Ambassador withdrawn from Paris" . Keesing's Record of World Events . ?. 6 ?. 2: 17279. ?????? 1960. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-04-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-04-08 .
  9. ^ ? ? Rapport sur les essais nucleaires francais (1960-1996) (PDF) (Technical report). Government of the French Republic. ?. 118. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2021-10-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-08-10 .
  10. ^ French Senate report ???? ?????? 2021-12-19 ?? Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Reed? Thomas? Stillman? Danny (2009). The nuclear express : a political history of the bomb and its proliferation . Zenith Press. ?.  111 . ISBN : 978-0-7603-3502-4 .
  12. ^ Farr? Warner D (?????? 1999)? The Third Temple's holy of holies: Israel's nuclear weapons ? The Counterproliferation Papers, Future Warfare Series? USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air War College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base? ?. 2? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-14 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2006-07-02
  13. ^ Essais nucleaires : Gerboise verte, la bombe et le scoop qui font plouf... (actualise) ???? ?????? 2014-11-29 ?? Wayback Machine , Jean-Dominique Merchet , ?????????
  14. ^ "Algeria: France-Algeria independence agreements (Evian agreements)". International Legal Materials . ?. 1 ?. 2: 214?230. ?????? 1962. JSTOR : 20689578 .
  15. ^ "France-Algeria relations: The lingering fallout from nuclear tests in the Sahara" . BBC News. 26 ????? 2021. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-02-03.
  16. ^ Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations (PDF) (Technical report). Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. 1 ???? 2005. ?. 9. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2022-01-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-08-10 .
  17. ^ Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations (PDF) (Technical report). Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. 1 ???? 2005. ?. 10. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2022-01-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-08-10 .
  18. ^ Cowell, Alan (24 Mar 2009). "France to Pay Nuclear Test Victims" . The New York Times (??????????? ?????????). ISSN : 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 2022-03-04 . Retrieved 2018-04-08 .
  19. ^ Cereceda? Rafael. "Irony as Saharan dust returns radiation from French nuclear tests in the 1960s" . euronews . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-01-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-03-03 .
  20. ^ ????? ??? ??????? : 13 - 02 - 2011 ???????? ???? ?????
  21. ^ ????? ????? ????????? - ????? 2732 - ????? 28 ?????? 2010? ??????? 14 ???? ????? 1431??
  22. ^ ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 50 ?????.. ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? 15 ????/???? 2010?
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