한국   대만   중국   일본 
?????? ????????? (?????) - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

?????? ????????? (?????)

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
  ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? (?????) .
?????? ?????????
????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????

?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????

??? ???????


??? ??????
????? ?????? 22 ?????? 2013?2015
???????????? ????? ????? ???? [1]
???????
???? ???? ??? ???? [3]
????? ????   ?
???? ????   ?
??? ?????? ??????
??? ????
??? ??? ??????
?????
????? 
???????? 		?????
??? 40,000 [5] ?70,000 [6] (???? 2014)
?????
????

?????? ????????

???????? ???????

???????? ??????? ?????????

???????? ?????????

?????/???? ????? ??????? ???????
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? 22 ?????? 2013. [12] ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? . ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ≪????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????≫? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????????. [13]

????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. [14]

???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? 2014 ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????. ?? 24 ????? ?????/?????? 2014? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ≪ ?????? ??????? ≫. [15] ?? ??? 2015? ????? ????? ????? - ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? - ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? 2015. ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????. ?????? ????? ??? 2015? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ( ????? ????? ???? ??????? ) ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? . [16]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? 2011 ? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? . ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? . ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ≪ ?????? ????????? ??????? ≫. ?? ?????? 2013? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ≪?????? ?????????≫. [17] ??? ????? 22 ?????? 2013? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????:

????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????. [20] ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?? 26 ?????? 2013. ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. [21]

?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????: ???? ??? ???? (???? ?????)? ???? ???? ???? ??????: ??? ??? ?????? (???? ???????)? ?????? ?????: ????? ??? ???? (???? ????)? ???? ???????: ??? ?????? ?????? (????? ?????)? ?????? ???????: ??? ???? (????? ?????) ??????? ???????: ????? ???? (??? ???????). [22]

??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ≪?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????≫. ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ≪???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? [???????] ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????≫. ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ≪????????? ????????≫ ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????. [23] ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? [24] ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ≪????? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????≫. [23] ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ? [13] ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? . [25] ???? ?? 3 ?????? 2013? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. [26] ?? 6 ?????? 2013? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? . [26] ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? 2013. [26]

???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? 70,000 ?????? [27] ????? ???? ?????? ????? (?? ????? en:Jane's Information Group ) ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? 45,000 ??? ?????.

????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ≪???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????≫. ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. [23]

????? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??? 2014? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. [28] ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 2014? ??? ?? ??? ????? 800 ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? 2014? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????. [29]

?? 9 ?????? 2014? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????. [4] [30]

?? ??? 2014? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????. [31] ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????. [16]

????? ???? 2015? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????. [16]

??????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? [32] [33] [34] ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????????. [27] ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????. [27]

??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? . [35] ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????. [36] ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? 2015 ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????. [37] [38] ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????. [39] ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? - ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????. [39] ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????. [39] ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????. [39] ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????????. [39] ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. [39]

????? ????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? 22 ?????? 2013 .

????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? 22 ?????? 2013 ? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????. [40] ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? . ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. [40] ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????. [41] ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ≪????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????≫. [42]

????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????. [39] ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????. [39] ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????. [39]

?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????: ≪??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????≫ ? ≪???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????≫. [43]

?? ??? 2013? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ≪ ??????? ???????? ???????????? ≫ ?????? ≪????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????≫? ≪?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????≫ ? ≪???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????≫. [44]

??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????. [45] [46] ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? 2015? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ≪????? ?? ????? ??????≫ ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????. [47] [48] [49]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 2012 ??? ??? 2015. [50] ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. [50] ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? 14 ?????? 2014 ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????. [50] ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? 15 ?????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???. [50] ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? (???? ??????? ??????) ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? (???? ????). [50] ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? (????? ?????? ??????) ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? (???? ??? ??????)? ?? 43% ?? ????? ???????? ? 35% ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? 20%. [50]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ "Syria Islamist rebel factions merge: Spokesman" . AFP. 22 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-11-22 .
  2. ^ Michael Weiss (8 ????? 2014). "Has sahwa hit the fan in Syria?" . NOW News . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-01-10 .
  3. ^ "Leading Syrian rebel groups form new Islamic Front" . BBC. 22 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-11-22 .
  4. ^ ? ? "Syria rebels name slain leader's replacement" . Al Jazeera English. 9 ?????? 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-04-26 .
  5. ^ Richard Hall (9 ????? 2014). "Factbox: Syria's rebel groups" . Reuters. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-11-27.
  6. ^ Hassan Hassan (???? 2014). "Front to Back" . Foreign Policy . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-11-29.
  7. ^ "Aleppo: Syria's Stalingrad?" . National Interest . 22 ????? 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-05-22 .
  8. ^ "Freedom, Human Rights, Rule of Law: The Goals and Guiding Principles of the Islamic Front and Its Allies" . Democratic Revolution, Syrian Style . 17 ???? 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-05-17 .
  9. ^ "Al-Akrad Front defeats ISIL in Aleppo" . ARA News. 24 ????? 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-06-24 .
  10. ^ "Syrian Kurds, rebels find common enemy in ISIS" . Al Monitor. 27 ???? 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-08-25 .
  11. ^ "Syria rebels unite and launch new revolt, against jihadists" . AFP. 4 ????? 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-07-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-28 .
  12. ^ "Six Islamist factions unite in largest Syria rebel merger" . Reuters. 22 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-11-22 .
  13. ^ ? ? Aaronlund (15 ????? 2014). "The Politics of the Islamic Front, Part 2: An Umbrella Organization" . Carnegie Middle East Center . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-01-03 .
  14. ^ "Factbox: Syria's rebel groups" . Reuters. 9 ????? 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-11-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-01-12 .
  15. ^ "The Levant Front: Can Aleppo's Rebels Unite?" . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 26 ?????? 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-06-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-01-30 .
  16. ^ ? ? ? Aron Lund (23 ???? 2015). "Islamist Mergers in Syria: Ahrar al-Sham Swallows Suqour al-Sham" . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-22.
  17. ^ "Syria crisis: Guide to armed and political opposition" . BBC. 13 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  18. ^ ? ? ? "Islamists forge Syria's rebel alliance" . MSN NZ. 23 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-09-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-11-22 .
  19. ^ ? ? ? ? ? "A Power Move by Syria's Rebel Forces" . Institute for the Study of War. 22 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-05 .
  20. ^ "Syrian Islamic Front on Twitter" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-11-28 .
  21. ^ "Statement of the Islamic Front for the liberation of Syria" . Syrian Islamic Liberation Front. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-12-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-04 .
  22. ^ "Say Hello to the Islamic Front" . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 22 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-05-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-05-19 .
  23. ^ ? ? ? Atassi? Basma (22 ?????? 2013). "Major Syrian rebel groups join forces" . Al Jazeera English. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-07 .
  24. ^ "Series of Syrian Muslim rebel brigades say they've unified under name of the 'Islamic Front' " . Edmonton Journal . Associated Press. 22 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-01-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-11-22 .
  25. ^ "The Revolutionary Command Council: Rebel Unity in Syria?" . ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-05-09 .
  26. ^ ? ? ? Dziadosz? Alexander? Afanasieva? Dasha (7 ?????? 2013). "Syrian Islamists seize Western-backed rebel bases: monitoring group" . Reuters. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-12 .
  27. ^ ? ? ? aron Lund (22 ?????? 2013). "The Politics of the Islamic Front, Part 1: Structure and Support" . Carnegie Middle East Center . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-01-03 .
  28. ^ Lund? Aron (8 ????? 2014). "Pushing Back Against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant: The Islamic Front" . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-07-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-01-08 .
  29. ^ Felix Legrand (23 ?????? 2014). "The Resilience of Moderate Syrian Rebels" . Arab Reform Initiative. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-04.
  30. ^ "Syria's Ahrar al-Sham Leadership Wiped Out in Bombing" . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 9 ?????? 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-06-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-09-10 .
  31. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (2 ?????? 2014). "The Dawn of Freedom Brigades: Analysis and Interview" . Syria Comment. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-01.
  32. ^ Syrian FSA fades in shadow of Saudi-backed opposition front , ????????? , 11 December 2013 ???? ?????? 2019-04-10 ?? Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Syria’s Saudi jihadist problem , ?? ???? ???? , 16 December 2013 "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-03-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-05-14 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
  34. ^ Al-Qaeda and ISIS: The Renunciation of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi , ??????? (?????) , 4 February 2014 ???? ?????? 2018-06-15 ?? Wayback Machine
  35. ^ Idiz? Semih (7 ????? 2014). "Erdogan under pressure as Syrian crisis spreads to Iraq" . Al-Monitor . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-01-03 .
  36. ^ "The Politics of the Islamic Front, Part 1: Structure and Support" . Carnegie Middle East Center (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-01-03 . Retrieved 2019-05-09 .
  37. ^ "Gab die Linke der PKK geheime Regierungsdokumente?" . Die Welt . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-07-15.
  38. ^ "Peter R. Neumann" . Twitter. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-28.
  39. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? "Rebels Consolidating Strength in Syria: The Islamic Front" . www.washingtoninstitute.org (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-04-02 . Retrieved 2019-05-09 .
  40. ^ ? ? "New rebel alliance wants Syria as 'Islamic State' " . ????? ????? ??? . 26 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-12-16 .
  41. ^ "Assad destroyed Syria and manipulated the population: Rebel leader" . ARA News. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-05-21 .
  42. ^ Lund? Aron (17 ????? 2014). "The Politics of the Islamic Front, Part 4: The State" . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-06-17.
  43. ^ Uncover the Mask with Evidence and Confidence ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? . YouTube. 8 ???? 2015. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-18.
  44. ^ Joshua Landis. "Zahran Alloush: His Ideology and Beliefs" . Joshua Landis' Syria Comment blog . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-03-31 .
  45. ^ John Rossomando. "IPT Exclusive: Jihad-Supporting Imam Raised Millions on U.S. Fundraising Tour" . The Investigative Project on Terrorism . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-02-05.
  46. ^ "???? ????.. ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?1" . aljazeera.net . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-20.
  47. ^ "Islamist rebel leader walks back rhetoric in first interview with Western media" . 20 ???? 2015. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-05-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-25 .
  48. ^ {{ ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? }} : ??????? ????! ( ?????? )
  49. ^ "Syria Comment ≫ Archives "Is Zahran Alloush in Amman?" by Aron Lund - Syria Comment" . Syria Comment . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-08-19 .
  50. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? "Incident Summary for GTDID: 201412140028" . www.start.umd.edu . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-05-09 .
?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=??????_?????????_(?????)&oldid=66598731 ≫