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(????) ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????.
[4]
???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? (
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) ???? ?????? ???? ?? (
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) ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????- ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? (
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) ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????* ????? ???? ???? ??? (??????????) ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????????.
????? ?????? ????????: ???? [d??rm]? ?????????: ????? ?????: ??? ??? ??????? ???????) ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? (Rta) ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????). ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????. ????????
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) ??????? ?????
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??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? (?????) ?? ???????? (??????????????) ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? (??????????) ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???????? ?? (Parasparopagraho J?v?n?m) ????? ???? (????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????)
???????
(?am?k?ra) ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????.
???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? (???????????) (Digambaras) ? (????????????) (Svetambaras) ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????. ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? (sravakas) ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????.
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. ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? (???????????) (Paryushana) ? (????????????) (Daslakshana) ? (????????? ???????) (Mahavir Jayanti) ????????? (Diwali).
???? ???? ???
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? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? (
???????
).
??????? ?????????
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???? ?????? (???????)
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?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ? ≪???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????≫.
???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? (Acaranga S?tra) (?????????????) ? (Tattvarthas?tra) (?????????????) ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????.
????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????.
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????? ????? ??? ???? ≪???? ??? ????
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?????? ???? ????? ??????? (????????) ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? (ancient Brahmanical Vedic.
[10]
[11]
??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????.
?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ≪?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????≫? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ≪??????? ???????? ??????≫? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????. ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? (?????) ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????.
[16]
???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??
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(Ahi?s?) ?? ??????? (?????????) ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????.
???? ?? (?????)? ??? ?????? (??? ?? ??????) ???? ???? ?????
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??? ???? ?????? ?? (anek?nta) ???? ???? (??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????) ? (vada) ????? (
?????
?? ????).
[21]
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???? ????? (anek?ntav?da)??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? (????) (Naya)? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ≪????? ???? ?? ???????≫?
?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? (????????)? ??? ??????? ????
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[22]
???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????. ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? (????) ?? (sy?t)? ?? ≪??????≫ ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ≪???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????≫.
[22]
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??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? -???? ???????- ?? ??? (ek?nta) ?? (?????? ??????) ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????.
[23]
??? ????? (anek?ntav?da) (?????? ?????? ???????) ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? (Samannaphala Sutta) (?????????? ????). ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? (????????) ?? ?????? (???????) ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ≪?????? ???≫.
????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? (anek?ntav?da) ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? (????????) ??????? (????). ????
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(??????????) (???? ???????) ? (nayav?da) (????? ???????) ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? (anek?nta) (????? ???????) ?????? ??? (?????) (sy?d)??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ≪?????? ??????≫?
??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? jiva)) ???????? (agiva) ??? ???? (???? ????? ???????) (anek?ntav?da).
?????? ?? (??? ?????) (Paul Dundas)? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? (anek?ntav?da) ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ≪????? ??????? ?????? ???????≫? ?????? ≪??????????≫ ? ≪?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? [??????? ????????]≫. ???? (?????) ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (????????).
??? ?????? ≪????? ????????? ???????? ???????≫ ?? (????????) ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ≪?????????????≫?
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???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? (??? ????????)? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????.
????? ?????? (Natubhai Shah)? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????
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??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? (???? ?? ?????) ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? (Digambara) ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????????? (?v?t?mbara).
???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ≪??????? ??????????≫ (parigraha) ?? ?????: ??????? ?????????? ???????? (?bhyantara parigraha)? ???????? ?????????? ???????? (b?hya parigraha). ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? (kashaya) ???: ?????? ???????? (
?????
)? ??????? ??????. ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??: ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????)? ??????? ????? (?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????).
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877 - 777 ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???
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599 - 527 ??? ???????.
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?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????.
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??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????.
[?????? 1]
???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????.
????? ??? ???????? ≪????????? ???????≫ ?? ≪?????≫.
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[
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- ^
???? ???? "??????" ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???.
???????
[
???
]
- ^
?
?
?
????? ??:
Encyclopedie des religions (premiere edition)
. ??????: 60. ??????: ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ????????. ????? ?????: ????? 2002.
- ^
????? ??:
????? ?????
.
- ^
"
"Jainism" (ODE)"
?
Oxford Dictionaries
? ????? ??
?????
?? 2016-07-15
- ^
Tirthankara: Jainism
, Encyclopedia Britannica
???? ??????
12 ?????? 2018 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
John Arapura in K. R. Sundararajan and Bithika Mukerji Ed. (1997), (Hindu spirituality: Postclassical and modern, (
????
978-81-208-1937-5
); Chapter 20, pages 392?417
- ^
A Izawa (2008), Empathy for Pain in Vedic Ritual, Journal of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies, Kokusai Bukky?gaku Daigakuin Daigaku, Vol. 12, pages 78-81
- ^
Phyllis Granoff (1992).
"The violence of non-violence: a study of some Jain responses to non-Jain religious practices"
.
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
. ?. 15 ?. 1. ????? ??
?????
?? 2018-05-19.
- ^
Grimes, John (1996) p. 34;
Philip C. Almond (1982).
Mystical Experience and Religious Doctrine: An Investigation of the Study of Mysticism in World Religions
. Walter de Gruyter. ?. 75.
ISBN
:
978-90-279-3160-3
.
- ^
?
?
Jain philosophy
, IEP, Mark Owen Webb, Texas Tech University
???? ??????
19 ????? 2018 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
Schwartz? Wm. Andrew (2018).
The Metaphysics of Paradox: Jainism, Absolute Relativity, and Religious Pluralism
. Lexington Books.
ISBN
:
9781498563925
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2018-08-24.