한국   대만   중국   일본 
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يرجى إضافة قالب معلومات متعلّقة بموضوع المقالة.
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???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 2011 ??? ????? ???. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????. [1]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 2011? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? . [2] ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. [3] ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????. [4]

?? ?????? 2011? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????. [5]

?? ???? 2012? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????: ????? ???? ???????. [6]

?? 6 ????? 2012? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????. [7]

???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????. ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ????? ????? 2012? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????. [8]

????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? 2013 ????? 600 ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? 11 ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????. ????? ????? ???? 2013? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????.

???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ????? ?? ????? 2014. ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? 1 ????? 2014 ≪????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????≫. [9]

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 2022? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? [ ??? ]

?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? (????? ??????? ??? ????) ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? (????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????). ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 2015 ????? ???????? ?? ??? 2017. ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 2021.

??????? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? 2015? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? 2016? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????.

?? ??? 2022? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????????. ?? 8 ?????? 2022? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ?? 11 ???? 2022? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. [10]

???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 2006? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? 2014 ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????. ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? 2015 ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? 2015. ????? ????? ??? 2015? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????. [11] [12]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

2012 [ ??? ]

  • 16 ????? - ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????.

2013 [ ??? ]

  • 23 ???? - ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????.

2014 [ ??? ]

  • 11 ?????? - ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? 5 ?????? ?????. [13]

2015 [ ??? ]

  • ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? 20 ????? ??????? 170 ????? ??????. [14] [15]
  • 28 ?????? - ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. [16]

2016 [ ??? ]

  • 15 ????? - ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? . ??? ??? ?????? 30 ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? 56 ?????? ????? ???? 176 ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???. ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????. [17] [18]
  • 5 ?????? - ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????. [19]
  • 11 ?????? - ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????. [20]
  • 12 ?????? - ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? 30 ????? ?? ???? ?????????. [21]
  • 15 ?????? - ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????.
  • 23 ?????? - ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. [22]
  • 1 ???? - ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????. [23]
  • 6 ???? - ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. [24]
  • 10 ???? - ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????.
  • 13 ? 14 ???? - ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? 2016: ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? 18 ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? 3 ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?4 ???? ????????. ???? ????? 3 ?? ????????? ?????.

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Yahaya Ibrahim? Ibrahim (2021). "Jihadist Insurgencies in the Sahel" . ?? Villalon? Leonardo A (??????). The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel . ?. 568?586. DOI : 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.33 . ISBN : 978-0-19-881695-9 . {{ ??????? ????? }} : |????= ?????? ( ?????? )
  2. ^ "Mali: 47 Die in Clashes Between Troops, Rebels ? Ministry" . allAfrica.com. 19 ????? 2012. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-01-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-07 .
  3. ^ Mzioudet? Houda (9 ?????? 2013). "Ghat: a former Qaddafi stronghold struggles to keep up with Libyan revolution" . The Libya Herald . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-01-12 .
  4. ^ Jibrin Ibrahim (26 ???? 2012). "West Africa: Mali and the Azawad Question" . allAfrica.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-01-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-04-02 .
  5. ^ "Mali: Timbuktu heritage may be threatened, Unesco says" . BBC. 3 ????? 2012. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-10-23.
  6. ^ Baba Ahmed (2 ????? 2012). "Islamist group plants flag in Mali's Timbuktu" . The Seattle Times . Associated Press. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-02-02.
  7. ^ "Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali" . Al Arabiya. 6 ????? 2012. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-01-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-04-06 .
  8. ^ Nossiter? Adam (18 ????? 2012). "Jihadists' Fierce Justice Drives Thousands to Flee Mali" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-06-03 .
  9. ^ Larive? Maxime H.A. (7 ????? 2014). "Welcome to France's New War on Terror in Africa: Operation Barkhane" . nationalinterest.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-01-27.
  10. ^ Reuters (11 May 2022). "Eight soldiers killed in Togo, raising spectre of first deadly Islamist attack" . Reuters (???????????). Archived from the original on 2023-05-12 . Retrieved 2022-05-11 . {{ ??????? ???? }} : |??????= ???? ??? ( help )
  11. ^ "Chad, Niger forces kill 123 Boko Haram in crackdown ? Niger" . Yahoo News . Reuters. 1 ?????? 2016. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-06-03 .
  12. ^ "Boko Haram Attacks Signal Resilience of ISIS and Its Branches" . The New York Times . 27 ?????? 2016. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-08-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-06-03 .
  13. ^ "French forces in Mali kill Islamist on U.S. wanted list" . Reuters . 11 ?????? 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-01-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-12-11 .
  14. ^ "Investigation into Mali attack points to ′two foreigners′ ? News ? DW.COM ? 22.11.2015" . DW.COM . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-03-16 .
  15. ^ "Mali attack explainer: Who, why and what's next?" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-03-16 .
  16. ^ "Attack on UN base in northern Mali causes casualties" . The Economic Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-03-16 .
  17. ^ "French-Moroccan photographer Leila Alaoui dies after Burkina Faso attacks" . ?? ?? ?? ???? . 18 ????? 2016. ????? ?? ????? ?? 20 ????? 2016 . ???? ???? ?????? 19 ????? 2016 .
  18. ^ "Ouagadougou blasts: Burkina Faso capital hit by gunfire" . BBC News . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-04-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-01-15 .
  19. ^ "UN peacekeeping base under attack in Mali" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-03-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-03-16 .
  20. ^ Reuters Editorial (11 ?????? 2016). "Suspected Islamist militants kill three at Mali customs post" . Reuters UK . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-12-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-03-16 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : |????= ???? ??? ( ?????? )
  21. ^ "AQIM confirms death of former MUJAO spokesman" . The Long War Journal . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-03-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-03-16 .
  22. ^ "French special forces target al Qaeda commanders in Mali" . The Long War Journal . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-12-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-03-16 .
  23. ^ Reuters Editorial (10 ???? 2016). "North Mali Tuareg clans agree ceasefire to end feud" . Reuters . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-12-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-03-16 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : |????= ???? ??? ( ?????? )
  24. ^ Reuters Editorial (14 ???? 2016). "Death toll in Ivory Coast militant attack rises to 18: government" . Reuters . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-12-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-03-16 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : |????= ???? ??? ( ?????? )
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