??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ^[1] ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? (Iwakura)? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????.

????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1871? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? . ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????.

??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ( terakoya ) ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? (daimyo) ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? (Tokugawa shogun) ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? .

??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????????????? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? 1890? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? .

??? ?????? ?? ??? 1885? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? 1886. ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????????.

??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 1872? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????.

??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????.

??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? 6 ????? ?? ??? 1907. ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? (??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????) ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? . ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????.

1912-1937 [ ??? ]

????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? (Sh?wa) ???????? ?? ??? 1912 ???? ??? 1937? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1917 ???? ??? 1919? ???? ??????? ?????? Extraordinary Council on Education ( 臨時?育?議 ? Rinji Ky?iku Kaigi ^? ) , ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ??? 1918? ???? ???? ≪???????≫ ??????? ≪??????? ????????????≫? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????.

????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? New Educational Movement ( 新?育運動 ? Shin Ky?iku Und? ^? ) ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????.

??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1878? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1926. ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????.

1937-1945 [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1931? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1937? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????.

?? ??? 1941? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? National People's Schools ( 國民學校 ? Kokumin Gakk? ^? ) (??? ????? ?????? ????????? Volksschule (???? ???? ????? ????????) ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? Youth Schools ( ?年?校 ? Seinen Gakk? ^? ) ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (??????) ????????? ???????] (???????). ??? ???? ???? ????? Seinen Gakk? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????.

??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? Specialized Schools ( ?門?校 ? Senmon Gakk? ^? ) ? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ????? Senmon Gakk? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? . ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? Senmon Gakk? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? Senmon Gakk? .

??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1941? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? Kokutai no Hongi ????? ????????. ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???. ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????.

??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1945? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1946 ?? ?? ??? 1950 ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

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