??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???

??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ( ??????????? : Egyptian Lever) ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????.

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? Canadian Illustrated News

??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? 1805 ?1848. ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? (1848-1854) ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????. ^[1]

?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1876 ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???. ^[1] ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????.

??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? 1882? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????. ^[2] ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? .

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????????. ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???. ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????. ^[3] ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? (????? ???????? ???? ??????) ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? 1883. ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1884? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. ^[4]

????? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? 28 ????? 1884. ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???. ^[5]

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1883? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? 100 ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?200 ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 20 ≪????? ????????≫ (????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????). ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? . ^[6]

??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? 24 ????? 1884? ???? ?? 29 ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ^[7]^[8] ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???. ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????.

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? "Illustrierte Zeitung"

??? ?????? ??? ??? 1882? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ^[9] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? 26 ?????? 1884. ????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? 50 ???? 12 ?8 ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????. ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? (?? 13 ????) ??? ???? ??????? (?? 18 ?????)? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ^[10] ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ≪??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????≫? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????. ??? ?? ????? 1884 ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ≪???? ??? ?? ???????≫ ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ^[11]

????? ??????? ?? 15 ?????? 1884 ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????. ^[12] ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ^[13] ????? ??????? (??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ^[14]) ?? 26 ?????? 1885. ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ^[15]

???? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????????? ^[15] ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1890? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? . ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???? 1905 ?1906 ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????. ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????.

??? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ≪???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???≫. ^[16] ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ???????. ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ≪... ??? ??? ??? ??????? - ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? - ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????≫? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????. ^[17]

?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????. ^[18] ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? (?? ??? 1900 ??? ???? 4.93 ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??3.53 ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? 2.8 ^[19]) ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ^[20] ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 1890? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ^[21] ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????. ^[22]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? Goldschmidt? Eduard? Hopwood? Derek (6 ???? 2019). "Egypt: History" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-08 .
^ "Urabi Revolution" . Histories of the Middle Middle East . University of Texas at Austin. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-09 .
^ Lowe? C.J. (1967). The Reluctant Imperialists: British Foreign Policy 1878-1902 Part 1 . Oxon, New York City: Routledge. ?. 52?53. ISBN : 9781135033828 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-10.
^ Lowe, pp. 54-56
^ Lowe, pp. 58-59
^ "The man who bought a country" . Namibia Guidebook . orusovo.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-12-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-10 .
^ "THE COLONIAL PERIOD: GERMAN RULE" . Chronology of Namibian History . Klaus Dierks. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-10 .
^ Lowe, pp. 60-61
^ Lowe, p. 58
^ Reeves? Jesse (1909). "The Origin of the Congo Free State, Considered from the Standpoint of International Law". The American Journal of International Law . ?. 3 ?. 1: 108?109. DOI : 10.2307/2186209 . JSTOR : 2186209 .
^ Lowe, p.64
^ De Leon? Daniel (1886). "The Conference at Berlin on the West-African Question" . Political Science Quarterly . ?. 1 ?. 1: 128. JSTOR : 2139304 .
^ De Leon, p. 126
^ Rosenberg? Matt. "The Berlin Conference: Where a Continent Was Colonized" . ThoughtCo . ThoughtCo. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-17 .
^ ^? ^? Kapu?ci?ska? Adela (9 ????? 2014). "Road to the First World War: British-German relations 1885-1914" . IB Zine . IB Zine. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-17 .
^ Lowe, p. 62
^ Lowe pp. 62-64
^ Craven? Matthew (2015). "Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 and the logic of free trade". London Review of International Law . ?. 3 ?. 1: 31?59. DOI : 10.1093/lril/lrv002 .
^ "Children born per woman, 1900" . Our World in Data . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-10 .
^ De Leon, pp. 122-123
^ De Leon, p. 121
^ De Leon, p.123

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

Craven, Matthew. "Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 and the logic of free trade". London Review of International Law . 3 (1): 31?59. online
De Leon, Daniel. "The Conference at Berlin on the West-African Question". Political Science Quarterly . 1 (1): 103-139. online
Dierks, Klaus. Chronology of Namibian History (1999) online
Lowe, C.J. The Reluctant Imperialists: British Foreign Policy 1878-1902 Part 1 (1967) Chapter 3. preview
Reeves, Jesse. "The Origin of the Congo Free State, Considered from the Standpoint of International Law". The American Journal of International Law. 3 (1): 99-118 online

[EnclyopediaBritannica-1] ? ^? Goldschmidt? Eduard? Hopwood? Derek (6 ???? 2019). "Egypt: History" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-08 .

[2] "Urabi Revolution" . Histories of the Middle Middle East . University of Texas at Austin. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-09 .

[ReluctantImperalists-3] Lowe? C.J. (1967). The Reluctant Imperialists: British Foreign Policy 1878-1902 Part 1 . Oxon, New York City: Routledge. ?. 52?53. ISBN : 9781135033828 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-10.

[4] Lowe, pp. 54-56

[5] Lowe, pp. 58-59

[NamibiaGuidebook-6] "The man who bought a country" . Namibia Guidebook . orusovo.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-12-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-10 .

[7] "THE COLONIAL PERIOD: GERMAN RULE" . Chronology of Namibian History . Klaus Dierks. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-10 .

[8] Lowe, pp. 60-61

[9] Lowe, p. 58

[10] Reeves? Jesse (1909). "The Origin of the Congo Free State, Considered from the Standpoint of International Law". The American Journal of International Law . ?. 3 ?. 1: 108?109. DOI : 10.2307/2186209 . JSTOR : 2186209 .

[11] Lowe, p.64

[12] De Leon? Daniel (1886). "The Conference at Berlin on the West-African Question" . Political Science Quarterly . ?. 1 ?. 1: 128. JSTOR : 2139304 .

[13] De Leon, p. 126

[TC-14] Rosenberg? Matt. "The Berlin Conference: Where a Continent Was Colonized" . ThoughtCo . ThoughtCo. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-17 .

[IB-15] ? ^? Kapu?ci?ska? Adela (9 ????? 2014). "Road to the First World War: British-German relations 1885-1914" . IB Zine . IB Zine. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-17 .

[16] Lowe, p. 62

[17] Lowe pp. 62-64

[18] Craven? Matthew (2015). "Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 and the logic of free trade". London Review of International Law . ?. 3 ?. 1: 31?59. DOI : 10.1093/lril/lrv002 .

[19] "Children born per woman, 1900" . Our World in Data . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-10 .

[20] De Leon, pp. 122-123

[21] De Leon, p. 121

[22] De Leon, p.123

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? ? ? ????????? ????? ?????? (1871?1913)
????? ??????	??????-????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????
?????????	????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???????
???????	????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????
????????? ???????????	?????? ????? (1871) ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? Taft?Katsura agreement ???????? ????? Martens Clause ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????
???????	????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? Weltpolitik ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????-?????? ????? German Naval Laws Austro-Italian ????? ????? Annexation of Hawaii ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????
??????	??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????