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????????
. ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ≪????? ????? ???????≫ ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????.
?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ≪??????≫ ?? ??????.
[1]
????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? (?????????). ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
???????
???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????.
??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? 1990.
?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ≪???? ?????????≫ ???????? ???????? ≪???? ????? ???????≫.
????? ≪????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????≫ ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ≪????? ????????? ????????????≫. ?? ??? 2004 ??????? ??????? ????? ≪????? ????????? ????????? ??????????≫? ???? ???
2008
????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????.
??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? (??????? ????????) ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????.
??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? x (????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????) ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???????.
????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????.
??????? ??????
[
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]
???? ????? ≪???????≫ ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??
?????
? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 1837 ???? ?????? ????? ??? 4338? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ≪????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????≫ ?≪??????? ????????≫ ?≪??????? ????????? ??????????≫ ?? ≪??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????≫.
[2]
????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????. ??????? ?? ??? 1952? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? (?????? ????? ???????) ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ≪???? ?????????≫ ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ≪?? 40≫? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? 100-200 ???????.
[3]
?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ≪???? ??? ????≫ ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1972 ???? ???? ?? ≪???? ???????? ??????≫ ???? ≪??????≫ ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????.
?? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? (?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??) ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? 25. ?? ????? 1982 ? 1983? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ≪????????? ????????? ????????≫ ?? ???? (?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??) ??????? ?? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????
??????? ???????
????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????.
[4]
????? ?? ??? 1983 ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? (?? ?? ?? ??) ?? ??? ???? (?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??) ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? (????????-????????) ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?? 1 ????? 1984? ???? ???? ??? ≪???? ?????≫ ??? ≪??????? ????????≫? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (???? ??????????).
???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? (??? ???) ? (?? ?? ?? ???) ≪????????≫ ??? ??? 25 ??
??????? ????????
?? ??? 1988.
?? ??? 1990? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ≪???? ???≫ ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? (?? ???? ?????).
?????? ??????? ??? 1998
[
???
]
????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? 1998? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ?? ???
1998
? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ≪???? ????? ?? ?? ?? 450≫ ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? 50%. ????? ???? ??? 1998 ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????.
[5]
???? ??????????
[
???
]
?? ?????? 2013? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? 2014-2016 ?????? ≪????? ????????? ???????≫ ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 250 ? 500 ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ≪????? ????????? ???????≫? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????.
[6]
???????
[
???
]
????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? (?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????) ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????.
???????
[
???
]
- ^
Stephen Lovell, "How Russia learned to listen: radio and the making of Soviet culture." p 600-1
- ^
"Blogging Predicted by a 19th-century Russian Prince"
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2005-10-13
. ???? ???? ??????
2007-09-18
.
? Mosnews.com, 10.10.2005 (copy at
????? ????????
).
- ^
Бурцев, Всеволод (2002).
URSS.ru - Купить книгу: Емельянов С.В. / Информационные технологии и вычислительные системы / 2002 г. / Emelyanov S.V. / ISBN 5-9519-0002-6
Московская научная школа академика С.А.Лебедева в развитии вычислительной техники.
(????????). М.: Информационные технологии и вычислительные системы. 2002-Вып.3. pp. 42?43. 3. Archived from
the original
(журнал)
on 2008-03-07
. Retrieved
2020-01-25
.
- ^
(????????)
Двадцать лет спустя, или как начинался Интернет в Советском Союзе
? expanded
article
???? ??????
2013-09-25 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
. originally from
Ogonyok
magazine №45, 2001.
- ^
Telecommunications in Russia: from monopolistic village phones, to competitive global players in 20 years, L-F Pau, Prof. Mobile business, Copenhagen Business School and Rotterdam school of management, 2011
- ^
"Путин поручил "Ростелекому" подключить к интернету села"
.
comnews.ru
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2018-06-29
. ???? ???? ??????
2013-11-30
.
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