??????? ???????

???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? (take off and land) . ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? . ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????.

????? ????? ???? [ ??? ]

???????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????

????? ????? ?????? (CTOL) [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ( ??????? ) ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? . ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? (?????? ????? ????? ????? (VTOL) ??? ????? )? ?? ???? ??? ????. ??????? ?? ??? ?????? .

???? [ ??? ]

????? ?? ???? ????? ????? (????? ??????? ?????? ??? 340 -300)

???? ????? ????. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? . ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

??-18 ???? ??? ????? ??????

?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (?? ??????? ) ??? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ≪??????≫ ? ≪??????≫ ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????.

????? ????? ???? (STOL) [ ??? ]

???? (STOL) ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????.

????? ????????? ??????? ???????? (CATOBAR) [ ??? ]

"???????" (CATOBAR) (??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????) ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? . ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? (????? ?????????) ???????? ????? ????? .

??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? .

????? ????? ???????? ?????? (??????) [ ??? ]

?????? ( STOBAR) (????? ????? ???????? ??????) ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? (STOVL) (??????? ?????? ??????? ???????) ???????? (CATOBAR) (??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????).

????? ?????? (HTHL) [ ??? ]

??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ( HTHL ) - ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? (Ansari X-Prize) ???? ??? ??? / (WhiteKnightOne). ??? ???????? ????? ??????? (Tier 1b) ???? ??? ?? / ???? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???-15 . ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ≪??????? ????≫ ??? ???????. ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???-30 ≪?????≫ (NASP) ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.

???? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (HTHL) ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? (XCOR Aerospace) ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? 2011. ^[1] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 2017 ??? ????? ????? ????. ^[2]

Reaction Engines Skylon ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? (????? ?????) (≪??????? ??????? ??????≫ ?? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? (HTHL) ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? . ^[3]

?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? (sRLV) ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ^[4]

??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??-10 ?? ????????? ??? ???? (HL) ??? ≪???? ????≫ (Horizontal Lander) ^[5]

????? ????? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????????. ?????? (VTVL) ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? (VTOL) ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????.

???????? (VTOL) [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (VTOL) ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????. ^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? (VTVL) (??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????). ^[10] ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? (VTOL) ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? (CTOL) ?/?? ??????? ??????? ?????? (STOL) ?/?? ????? (STOVL) (??????? ?????? ??????? ???????). ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? (VTOL)? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ≪?????≫ (VTOL) ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????/????(V/STOL) .

??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? (VTOL) ?? ?????? ????????: ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??-22 ?????? ? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? . ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? (?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? (VTOL) ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 2017).

????? (VTVL) [ ??? ]

??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? (Vertical takeoff, vertical landing) ???????? ( VTVL ) ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? (VTVL). ????? ????? (VTVL) ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? 9 .

?? ????? ?????? (VTVL) ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? 2000? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? (≪???? ??????? ??????≫ (Lunar Lander Challenge). ?? ????? ?????? (VTVL) ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????.

????? ????? ????? ???? [ ??? ]

???????? (VTOHL) [ ??? ]

?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? (VTOHL) (≪??????? ??????? ??????? ??????≫) ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? (VTOHL): VTOCL ? VTOSL ? VTOBAR.

???? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? (ZLL? ZLTO? ZEL? ZELL) ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? . ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? .

????? ?????? (VTHL) [ ??? ]

??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ( VTHL ) ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? 37 ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? 1988? ????? ????? 1960 ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???-20 ?????-??? . ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? (VTHL) ??? (HTHL) ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????.

???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? (VTHL) ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???-33 ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? HL-20 (HL ???? "Horizontal Lander")? ???? (VTHL)? ??? ??? ?????? ????? 2003 ?? (HL-20)? ????? ????? ?????? ????????.

???????? ?? ???? 2011 ^[?????]? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? (VTHL) ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? / ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? (HL-20). ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? (HL-20) ??????. ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? 2011 ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? 2003? ??? ????? ???? ?? (HL-20)? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????. ^[11]

??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? (VTHL) Liquid Fly-back Boosters ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? 1999. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? 5 . ^[12] ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? 250,000,000 ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? 2010? ^[13] ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? (VTHL)? ^[14] ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? 2012.

?? ??? 2017? ?????? (DARPA) ????? (VTHL) ?? XS-1.

????? ???? ????? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ( HTVL ) ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? (HTOVL) (??????? ??????? CTOVL ?????? ( STOVL) ? CATOVL). ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ?? ?????? ????? (HTVL) ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????? Hyperion SSTO ? ???? ????? ????? ????. ^[15]

??????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.

???? ?????? ???? / ????? (V/STOL) [ ??? ]

???????? ???????? ?/?? ????? ??????? ??????? (V/ STOL ) ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ( VTOL ) ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? (V/STOL) ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? (V/STOL).

?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? (???? ????)? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? (?????? ???????? ???????)? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? (V/STOL) ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ( STOVL ) ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ( CTOL ) ??? ????? (VTOL) .

?? ????? (V/STOL) ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? .

?????? ???????? ??????? (V/STOL) ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????. ?? ???? ??? ????????? ? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????.

???? ?????? (V/STOL) ?? ??-35 ?? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 2015. ^[16]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Messier? Doug (23 ?????? 2011). "Lynx Development Proceeds Towards First Test Flight" . Parabolic Arc. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-02-28 . work is coming along nicely on building the first test flight vehicle which the company hopes to fly by the end of the year.
^ Foust? Jeff (15 ?????? 2017). "XCOR Aerospace Files for Bankruptcy" . Space.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-08-28 .
^ "Skylon FAQ" . Frequently Asked Questions . Reaction Engines Limited. 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-06-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-02-06 .
^ "sRLV platforms compared" . ???? . 7 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-10 . Lynx: Type: HTHL / Piloted ... SpaceShipTwo: Type: HTHL / Piloted
^ HL-10 Lifting Body Fact Sheet , NASA, 2009-12-03, accessed 2011-02-16. ???? ?????? 2021-12-18 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "Vertical Takeoff & Landing Aircraft," John P. Campbell, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1962.
^ Rogers 1989.
^ Laskowitz, I.B. "Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) Aircraft." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Art.1, 25 March 1963.
^ "Straight Up - A History of Vertical Flight," Steve Markman and Bill Holder, Schiffer Publishing, 2000.
^ "Masten Space Systems Achieves First-Ever VTVL Midair Engine Relight Milestone on Path to Space." ^{[
???? ??????
]} SpaceRef.com, 29 May 2010. Retrieved: 10 July 2011.
^ "Orbital may wind down its commercial crew effort" . NewSpace Journal . 22 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-04-25 . CEO Dave Thompson said ... "I don't, at this time, anticipate that we'll continue to pursue our own project in that race. We'll watch it and if an opportunity develops we may reconsider. But at this point, I would not anticipate a lot of activity on our part in the commercial crew market."
^ "Liquid Fly-back Booster (LFBB)" . DLR. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-06-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-06-09 .
^ "Air Force studying reusable upper stage systems for reusable booster" . RLV and Space Transport News . 20 ?????? 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-07-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-24 .
^ Cogliano (22 ???? 2011). "Air Force launches $250M reusable booster initiative" . Dayton Business Journal . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-24 . Officials anticipate awarding up to three contracts for the project, where winners would compete for individual tasks of experiments and demonstrations that address technology, processes and other attributes of a reusable booster system, or RBS. Air Force officials envision an RBS that includes a reusable rocket and an expendable upper stage rocket. The reusable rocket would be launched vertically and return, landing aircraft style on a runway, after carrying the space craft to a point where the expendable rocket could take over.
^ Wade? Mark. "Hyperion SSTO" . Astronautix. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2002-08-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-02-06 . The 'Hyperion' vehicle was truly remarkable since it would have been launched horizontally and landed vertically (HTVL) ? an extremely rare combination. The payload capability was 110 passengers or 18t of cargo.
^ "U.S. Marines Corps declares the F-35B operational" . United States Marine Corps. 31 ????? 2015. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-08-28 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????

[pa20110223-1] Messier? Doug (23 ?????? 2011). "Lynx Development Proceeds Towards First Test Flight" . Parabolic Arc. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-02-28 . work is coming along nicely on building the first test flight vehicle which the company hopes to fly by the end of the year.

[2] Foust? Jeff (15 ?????? 2017). "XCOR Aerospace Files for Bankruptcy" . Space.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-08-28 .

[sf20110125-3] "Skylon FAQ" . Frequently Asked Questions . Reaction Engines Limited. 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-06-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-02-06 .

[nasa20110310hthl-4] "sRLV platforms compared" . ???? . 7 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-10 . Lynx: Type: HTHL / Piloted ... SpaceShipTwo: Type: HTHL / Piloted

[nasa20091203-5] HL-10 Lifting Body Fact Sheet , NASA, 2009-12-03, accessed 2011-02-16. ???? ?????? 2021-12-18 ?? Wayback Machine

[6] "Vertical Takeoff & Landing Aircraft," John P. Campbell, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1962.

[7] Rogers 1989.

[8] Laskowitz, I.B. "Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) Aircraft." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Art.1, 25 March 1963.

[9] "Straight Up - A History of Vertical Flight," Steve Markman and Bill Holder, Schiffer Publishing, 2000.

[10] "Masten Space Systems Achieves First-Ever VTVL Midair Engine Relight Milestone on Path to Space." ^{[
???? ??????
]} SpaceRef.com, 29 May 2010. Retrieved: 10 July 2011.

[nsj20110422-11] "Orbital may wind down its commercial crew effort" . NewSpace Journal . 22 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-04-25 . CEO Dave Thompson said ... "I don't, at this time, anticipate that we'll continue to pursue our own project in that race. We'll watch it and if an opportunity develops we may reconsider. But at this point, I would not anticipate a lot of activity on our part in the commercial crew market."

[DLRsiteLFBBmain-12] "Liquid Fly-back Booster (LFBB)" . DLR. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-06-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-06-09 .

[rlvst20100920-13] "Air Force studying reusable upper stage systems for reusable booster" . RLV and Space Transport News . 20 ?????? 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-07-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-24 .

[dbj20110322-14] Cogliano (22 ???? 2011). "Air Force launches $250M reusable booster initiative" . Dayton Business Journal . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-24 . Officials anticipate awarding up to three contracts for the project, where winners would compete for individual tasks of experiments and demonstrations that address technology, processes and other attributes of a reusable booster system, or RBS. Air Force officials envision an RBS that includes a reusable rocket and an expendable upper stage rocket. The reusable rocket would be launched vertically and return, landing aircraft style on a runway, after carrying the space craft to a point where the expendable rocket could take over.

[as1999-15] Wade? Mark. "Hyperion SSTO" . Astronautix. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2002-08-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-02-06 . The 'Hyperion' vehicle was truly remarkable since it would have been launched horizontally and landed vertically (HTVL) ? an extremely rare combination. The payload capability was 110 passengers or 18t of cargo.

[16] "U.S. Marines Corps declares the F-35B operational" . United States Marine Corps. 31 ????? 2015. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-08-28 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

???? ??????

? ? ? ????? ??????? ???????
???????	Balanced field takeoff ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????
????? ????	????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? Ski-jump
??????? ???????	??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????/???? VTHL / VTOHL ????? ????? ????? Launch and recovery cycle VTVL VTHL HTHL HTVL
????	??????? (????) Corkscrew landing Crosswind landing Deadstick landing ???? ??????? Flexible deck ???? ?????? ???? ???? Shipborne rolling vertical landing Short-field landing ???? ???? Splashdown ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? / ?? Floating landing platform

? ? ? ????? ???????
??????? ????????	????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????
?????? ??? ???	??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? Rotation ???? ?????? Top of climb Loiter ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? (Go-around) ?????? ???? ?????? ????