한국   대만   중국   일본 
??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
??? ?? ????? ?????? ???
??????? ?? ?????
????? ??????? ??? ?????
???????
??????? ?????
????????? ???????
??????

???? ????? ?? ????? ????? (1644-1911). ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????  ??? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????.

???????? ???????? ?? (?????) [ ??? ]

???????? ???????? ?? (????) [ ??? ]

????? ??? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1644?? ???????? ???????? ?? (????) ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? (???????) [1] ? (???? ??? ????) ????? ???? ?? 1646 ?? (?????) ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? (???????? ??? ???????) ??? ??? ????????????. [2] ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? (?????? ????????). [3] [4] [5] ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????. [6] ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? 1649?? ???? (???????) ? (????) ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????. [7] ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? (?????) ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? (???????) ? (????) ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? (?????). [8] ??? ??? (?????) ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? 100,000 ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? (???????)? ??????? (???? ??? ????)? ? (?????? ????????) ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????.

???? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??? (1640-1710) ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????. [9] ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ( ???????? ????? ) ???????? ????? ????? ?? (????? ???????) ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????. [10]

????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? 1755-1757? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????. ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? (Taghliq) ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? . ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? 1758?-1759? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? (??) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 1765?.

?????????? ???? ?. ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????: ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? (??????) ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????. [11]

?? ????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? (?????? ?? ??? ?????? ) ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1781?. [12] [13] ??? ??? 1784?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? [14] ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??????? ? (?????????) ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1781? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. [15]

???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1820?-1828?. ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 1828?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????. [4] [16] ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? 1829 ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ?? ??? 1846?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????. [17]

???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? 1857?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? (????? ???????????). ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ??? ????? . ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ( kala minara )? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ≪??? ??? ??? ???≫ ??? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????.

?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ( ????? ??? ) ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. [18]

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ???? ??????

????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1855? ??? ??? 1873?. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? . ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? (1823-1872)? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. [19] ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? (????? ?????? ???)? ??????? ≪????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????≫. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? . [20]

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ???? ?????? (1862-1877)

????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1862 ??? ??? 1877. ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????? .

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? (1862-1877) ????? ?????? (1856-1873) ?? ?????? ????? . ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ? [21] ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? (1862-1877) .

??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? . [22]

????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? (?????) ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ≪??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????≫ ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ≪?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????.≫ [23]

???? ?? ???????? ??? (?? ?????) ? (?? ???????) ? (???? ????????) ? (?? ????????) ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????. ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????.

?? ??? 1895? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? (1895)? ????????? ???????? ??? (???? ????????)? ? (?? ???????)? ? (?? ??? ?????)? ? (?? ????) ? (?? ????????) ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? (?? ?????)? ? (?? ???? ???) ? (?? ?????). ???? 1895 ?????? ????? ??????? 1781 ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? [24] ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????. [25]

(????? ?????) ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? . ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????????.

??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????. [26]

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ??????'s Gongbei (??????) ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????

?? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ???? (???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????). ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????.

????? ??? (?????) ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? [27]  ?? ??? ?? ??? (???????) ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????.

?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????. [28]

???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????.

?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? (????? ????? 17 ?????? ????? 18)? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. [29] ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ? ??????????? ? ????????? . [30] ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????. [31] [32] ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. [33] ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. [34] [35] ??? ????? ??????? ( ??????? ) ?????:

  • ???????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? (祁?一)? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? (1656-1719)? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? (??? ?????)? (????? ????? ???). ???? ?????? ??? ≪????? ??????≫ ( Da Gongbei ) ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????.
  • ??????: ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????? (Ma Laichi)?(1681-1766).
  • ???????: ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????? ??? (Ma Mingxin)?(1719-1781).

??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????. [36] [37]

??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. [38] [39]  ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????. [40]  ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? (??? ???????)? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????. [41]  ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? (??? ?????)? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ???????. [42] ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? . [43] ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ≪??????? ???????≫ ??≪????? ???? ?????≫? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???: ≪ ??? ?????? "????" ?????????????? ?? ??? ????????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ≫. [44]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? (???? ???) ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? . ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? (????: ??????? ?? ????????? ). ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1868?. [45]

??????? ???????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 79 ?????. (?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 1908).

?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????. ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ≪?????≫ ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????.

?????? ≪???????? ????????≫ ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ≪????????? ??????? ????? ????????≫. ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? 1814? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????. ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1821? ??????? ?? ??? 1826? ?? ??? ?????????? ????????. ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? (??????). ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. [46]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Millward? James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (?. illustrated). Stanford University Press. ?. 298. ISBN : 0804729336 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-05-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  2. ^ Lipman? Jonathan Neaman (1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China . University of Washington Press. ?. 53. ISBN : 0295800550 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-05-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  3. ^ Lipman? Jonathan Neaman (1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China . University of Washington Press. ?. 54. ISBN : 0295800550 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-05-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  4. ^ ? ? Millward? James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (?. illustrated). Stanford University Press. ?. 171. ISBN : 0804729336 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  5. ^ Dwyer? Arienne M. (2007). Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1 (?. illustrated). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ?. 8. ISBN : 3447040912 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  6. ^ Lipman? Jonathan Neaman (1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China . University of Washington Press. ?. 55. ISBN : 0295800550 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-05-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  7. ^ WAKEMAN JR.? FREDERIC (1986). GREAT ENTERPRISE . University of California Press. ?. 802. ISBN : 0520048040 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  8. ^ WAKEMAN JR.? FREDERIC (1986). GREAT ENTERPRISE . University of California Press. ?. 803. ISBN : 0520048040 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  9. ^ Brown? Rajeswary Ampalavanar? Pierce? Justin? ???????? (2013). Charities in the Non-Western World: The Development and Regulation of Indigenous and Islamic Charities . Routledge. ISBN : 1317938526 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-06-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  10. ^ Michael Dillon (16 ?????? 2013). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects . Taylor & Francis. ?. 45?. ISBN : 978-1-136-80940-8 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-06.
  11. ^ Millward? James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (?. illustrated). Stanford University Press. ?. 134. ISBN : 0804729336 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-02-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  12. ^ Dwyer? Arienne M. (2007). Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1 (?. illustrated). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ?. 20. ISBN : 3447040912 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  13. ^ Lipman? Jonathan N. (????? 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Sage Publications, Inc. ?. 293. JSTOR : 189017 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |????= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? ) Missing or empty |url= ( help )
  14. ^ Lipman? Jonathan N. (????? 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Sage Publications, Inc. ?. 294. JSTOR : 189017 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |????= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? ) Missing or empty |url= ( help )
  15. ^ Dwyer? Arienne M. (2007). Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1 (?. illustrated). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ?. 21. ISBN : 3447040912 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  16. ^ Millward? James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (?. illustrated). Stanford University Press. ?. 167. ISBN : 0804729336 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  17. ^ Kim? Hodong. Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877 .
  18. ^ Millward? James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (?. illustrated). Stanford University Press. ?. 147. ISBN : 0804729336 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  19. ^ Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). Traders of the Golden Triangle . Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B006GMID5K
  20. ^ Damsan Harper, Steve Fallon, Katja Gaskell, Julie Grundvig, Carolyn Heller, Thomas Huhti, Bradley Maynew, Christopher Pitts. Lonely Planet China. 9. 2005. ( ???? 1-74059-687-0 )
  21. ^ Gernet, Jacques. A History of Chinese Civilization. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.( ???? 0521497124 )
  22. ^ Hugh D. R. Baker (1990). Hong Kong images: people and animals . Hong Kong University Press. ?. 55. ISBN : 962-209-255-1 .
  23. ^ Alles? Elizabeth (????????????? 2003, Online since 17 January 2007). "Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan" . French Centre for Research on Contemporary China. ?. 6. ????? ?? ????? ?? 30 ????? 2010 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-07-20 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ???? ?? ??????? ??: |?????= ( ?????? ) Check date values in: |date= ( help )
  24. ^ Lipman? Jonathan N. (????? 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Sage Publications, Inc. ?. 298. JSTOR : 189017 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |????= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? ) Missing or empty |url= ( help )
  25. ^ Lipman? Jonathan N. (????? 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Sage Publications, Inc. ?. 299. JSTOR : 189017 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |????= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? ) Missing or empty |url= ( help )
  26. ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects . Richmond: Curzon Press. ?. 77. ISBN : 0-7007-1026-4 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-05-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-06-28 .
  27. ^ Millward? James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (?. illustrated). Stanford University Press. ?. 132. ISBN : 0804729336 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  28. ^ Millward? James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (?. illustrated). Stanford University Press. ?. 169. ISBN : 0804729336 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  29. ^ Gladney (1999)
  30. ^ Feener? R. Michael? ?????? (2004). Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives (?. illustrated). ABC-CLIO. ?. 165. ISBN : 1576075168 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-03-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  31. ^ Dillon? Michael (2003). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest . Durham East Asia Series. Routledge. ?. 16. ISBN : 1134360967 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  32. ^ Dillon? Michael (2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest . Durham East Asia Series. Taylor & Francis. ?. 16. ISBN : 0203166647 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  33. ^ Gladney? Dru C. (1996). Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic (?. illustrated). Harvard Univ Asia Center. ?. Volume 149 of Harvard East Asian monographs. ?. 59. ISBN : 0674594975 . ISSN : 0073-0483 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 . {{ ??????? ????? }} : |??????= ???? ????? ?????? ( ?????? )
  34. ^ Renard? John (2005). Historical Dictionary of Sufism . Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series. Scarecrow Press. ?. 104. ISBN : 0810865408 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  35. ^ Renard? John (2009). The A to Z of Sufism . Scarecrow Press. ?. Volume 44 of The A to Z Guide Series. ?. 104. ISBN : 081086343X . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 . {{ ??????? ????? }} : |??????= ???? ????? ?????? ( ?????? )
  36. ^ Lipman? Jonathan Neaman (1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China . University of Washington Press. ?. 71. ISBN : 0295800550 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-05-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  37. ^ Dillon? Michael (2003). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest . Durham East Asia Series. Routledge. ?. 15. ISBN : 1134360967 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  38. ^ Renard? John (2009). The A to Z of Sufism . Scarecrow Press. ?. Volume 44 of The A to Z Guide Series. ?. 146. ISBN : 081086343X . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 . {{ ??????? ????? }} : |??????= ???? ????? ?????? ( ?????? )
  39. ^ Renard? John (2005). Historical Dictionary of Sufism . Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series. Scarecrow Press. ?. 146. ISBN : 0810865408 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 .
  40. ^ Murata? Sachiko (2000). Chinese Gleams of Sufi Light: Wang Tai-yu's Great Learning of the Pure and Real and Liu Chih's Displaying the Concealment of the Real Realm. With a New Translation of Jami's Lawa'ih from the Persian by William C. Chittick . Contributor Tu Wei-ming (?. illustrated). SUNY Press. ?. 9. ISBN : 0791446379 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 . horizontal tab character in |others= at position 12 ( help )
  41. ^ Masumi? Matsumoto (2004). "The Completion of the Idea of Dual Loyalty Towards China and Islam" . Etudes orientales. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-04-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-06-28 .
  42. ^ Garnaut? Anthony. Muslim Literature.pdf "Chinese Muslim literature" (PDF) . Contemporary China Studies - School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies - University of Oxford . Contemporary China Studies. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2014-05-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-07-25 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ???? ?? ???? |???? ?????= ( ?????? )
  43. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam . Contributor Sir H. A. R. Gibb. Brill Archive. 1954. ?. 771. ISBN : 9004071644 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 . {{ ??????? ????? }} : ????? ?????????: ????? ( link ) horizontal tab character in |others= at position 12 ( help )
  44. ^ Murata? Sachiko. Chinese Gleams of Sufi Light (PDF) (?. illustrated, reprint, annotated). State University of New York Press. ?. 25. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-05-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 . {{ ??????? ????? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
  45. ^ Muslim Community in New Zealand ???? ?????? 27 ???? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  46. ^ Robert Samuel Maclay (1861). Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China . Carlton & Porter. ?. 336. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-07-06 .

??????? [ ??? ]

  • ?????? ?????; ?????? ????? (2011). ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? (????? ?? ??? ??????? Panthay ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????). ????? ???: ???? ?????. ASIN: B006GMID5K
  • ??? Hodong? ≪????? ??????? ?? ?????: ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? 1864-1877≫. ????? ????? ???????? (???? / ???? 2004). ( ???? 0-8047-4884-5 ).
  • Keim? Jean (1954). Les Musulmans Chinois . France Asie.
  • Gernet ???. ????? ?? ??????? ???????. 2. ???????: ????? ????? ????????? 1996. ( ???? 0-521-49712-4 )
  • Ring? Trudy? Salkin? Robert M.? La Boda? Sharon? ???????? (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania (?. illustrated, annotated). Taylor & Francis. ?. Volume 5 of International Dictionary of Historic Places. ISBN : 1884964044 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-24 . {{ ??????? ????? }} : |??????= ???? ????? ?????? ( ?????? )
?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=???????_??_???_????_?????&oldid=65628286 ≫