한국   대만   중국   일본 
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?????? ?????? ?????? ??????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P856) في ويكي بيانات
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?????????? ???????? ????????? ( ??????????? United States Military Academy (USMA)? ????? ????? ≪??? ?????≫ ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????. ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? . ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1802 .

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??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? 50 ????? (80 ??) ???? ????? ??????? . ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????. ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????.

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????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ≪???? ??? ???????≫? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? 1300 ???????? ?????? ???? 1000 ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ≪????? ????? ?????????≫ ( ??????????? : Cadet Honor Code )?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ≪??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????≫.

?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? (?? ???? ??????) ( ??????????? )? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ?? 15 ?? ??????? ??????? ?9 ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ( ??????????? : National Collegiate Athletic Association - NCAA )?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ≪??????? ??????? ??????≫ ( ??????????? : The Long Gray Line )?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?74 ?? ????? ??????? ????? .

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?? ??? 1780 ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????

???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? 27 ????? 1778 [1] ????? ??? ????????? ( 1775 ? 1783 ). ???? ???? 1778 ?1780 ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ( ?????????? Tadeusz Ko?ciuszko) ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????. [2] ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????. [3] [4] ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????. [5] [6] ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ≪???? ???????≫ (??? ???????) ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. [5]

??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? 16 ???? 1802 [7] ? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? 1794 . [8] ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? 1802 ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? 1812 ?1814 . [8] ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???. ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? 10 ????? ?37 ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? 6 ???? ?6 ?????. [8] ??? ??? ?????? ??? 1812 ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??? 250 ???????. [8]

????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????

??? ??? 1817 ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ( ??????????? : Colonel Sylvanus Thayer )? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? (???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????). ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ≪??? ?????????? ????????≫? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????. [9] [10] ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? [11] [12] [13] ? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? (???????????) ( ??????????? : Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute )? ??? 1824 . ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. [12] [13] [14]

??? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? (?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ). [15] [16] ??? ??? 452 ?? ???? 523 ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. [15] [17]

??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ≪????? ???? ??? ???? ???????≫ [18] ? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????. [18] [19]

??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????: ??? ??????? (???????) ?????? ???????????? (???????) [20] ? ???? 294 ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?151 ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? . [18] ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? 105 ?? ????? ?????????? (??? ?? ????? 10 % ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????)? ???? 151 ????? (15 %). [18] ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????. [18] [20] [21]

?? ??? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????

?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????. [22] ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????. [23] ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? 1868 . ??? ??? 1870 ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ( ??????????? : James Webster Smith )? (?? ????? ???????? ???????? ) [23] [24] ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ??? 1874 . [25] ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ( ??????????? : Henry O. Flipper )? (?? ????? ?????? ) ???? ???? ??? 1877 ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 76 ???????. [23] [26] ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ( ??????????? : George Washington Goethals )? (???? ?????? ???? ???? [27] ) ???? ???? ??? 1880 [23] ? ???? ?????? ( ??????????? : John J. Pershing )? (???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? [28] ) ??? ???? ??? 1886 . [23]

??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? 1899 ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? 1901 ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? . ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? 481 ??????? ??? 1900 . [29] ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? 1900 ??? 1915 ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. [29] ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ( 1900 ? 1915 ) ????? ?????? ??????? ( 1903 ) ?????? ??????? ( 1904 ) ????? ?????? ( 1907 ) ????? ????? ( 1909 ) ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? (??????? ???? ??? 1915 ). ????? ???? ??? 1915 ≪??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????≫ ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? (59 ?? ??? 164). [30] [31] ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? 1916 ???? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? 1332 ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ????? ??? 1918 ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? (????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??? 1918 ). [29]

??? ??? 1919 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? . [32] ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ( ??????????? : Cadet Honor Committee )? ??? 1922 . [33] [34] ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ≪?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????≫. [35] ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? 1925 ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? 1933 . [36] ??? ??? 1935 ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? 1960 ???????. [36]

????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????

????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? 2496 ??????? ??? 1942 ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? 1943 ?? ????? 1943 ? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ≪???? ?????≫ ???? ???. ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? 500 ???? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? (???? ???? 1922 ) ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????.

????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? 157 ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????. [37] ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? 1956 ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????????. [37] ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? 4400 ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???. [38] [39] ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????. [40] [41] [42] ??? ???? ??? 1968 ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. [43] ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? 1971 ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???????. [44] ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? 333 ??? ????. [45] [46]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? 1973 ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???. [47] ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 119 ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? 1976 ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? 1975. [48] [49] ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 15% ?? ?????? ?????? ??????. [50] ??? ??? 1989 ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????. [51] ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? (????), ??: ???? ????? ??? 2003? ???????? ??????? ??? 2005? ??????? ??????? ??? 2013. [52] ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? 1995. [53] ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? 1981 ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? 2005. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? 1980.

???????? ??????? ??? 1980

????? ??? 1985 ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. [46] [54] ?????? ?? ?? 1990 ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? 248 ?? ???. ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????. [55]

????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? 1987 ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? .

????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????. ???? ???? ????? 11 ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????. [56] ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? 11\9 ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? . [57] [58] ??? ????? ?? ??? 2005 ??? 11\9 ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? 911 ????. ??? 2008 ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ≪?????? ????≫ ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ≪???? ??????????≫ ?? ≪???? ??????????≫ ??? ???? ??????. [59] ??? ?????? 2009 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? 30000 ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????. [60] [61] ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? 2014.

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????

??? ?????????? ??? ??? 50 ??? (80 ??) ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ???? . [62] ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? 1960. [63] [64] ????? ??? ?? ??? 1841 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ≪?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????.≫ [65] ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? Trophy Point? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? Battle Monument. [66] ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? 15974 ???? ?? ?? ????? 65 ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????. [67]

????? ??????

??? 1902? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????. [68] ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? 1910 ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. [69] ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. [68] ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????. [70] ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????. [71]

??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????

????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? 1950. [72] ??? ?? ??? 2004 ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? 2009? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. [73] ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? Nininger. ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? 27 ????? ?????? ??????? ????. [74]

????? ?????? ?????

????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????: ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. [75] [76] ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? 1947? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????. [75] ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????????? . [77]

??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????.

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? (???? ??? ?????). ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. [78] ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 2008. ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. [79]

???? ?????? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? 1854? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????. [80] [81] ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? Fort Putnam. ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ????? Constitution Island ??? ?? 282 ????. [82] ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????: ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????????? ...??? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????.

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???????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? (??) ? ?? ?? ?? ??????? (??)

???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ??? 1812 ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????.

?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? 2013. [83] ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???. ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? (CSA) [84] [85]

???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????. [86] ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ≪?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????.≫ [87] ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? (BOV). ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ≪??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????.≫ ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????.

???? ?????? ??????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? 17 ???? ??? ???? ?? 23 ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???. ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?\?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????. [88] ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? 1100_1360 ???? ??? ???? 68% ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??????. [89] [90]

??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? [91] ? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????. [91] ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. [92] ???? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? . [93]

????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????: ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????. [94]

? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????. [95] ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? 12.75% ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? 2012? ??? ?? ??????? ?? 1292 ?????. [96] [97]

???? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????. [98] ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. [99] ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. [100]

??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ???? ??? ????? ??? 7000 ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????.????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????‘ ???????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????. [101]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? 2008 ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????

?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????. [97] ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????????. [90] [102] ? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. [103] ? ???? ?????? ????????? 75% ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? 25% ???????. [104]

?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????\??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????: ?????? ????????? 55%? ? ???? ??????? ???????? 30%? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? 15%. [105] [106]

???????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????. [107] ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. [108]

????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????. [109] ? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????. [110] ? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????: ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ????????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ???????? ? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? ? ??????? ????????. [111] [112] ? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????. [109]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????

?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????. ? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????. . ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? [113] ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? (CBT) ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????. [114] [115] ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????. ? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? (CFT) ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????. ? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????. [116] ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ??????... ???

???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????. [117] ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????. [118]

??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. [119] ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. [120]

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ????????

??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ≪???? ??? ?????≫ ? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? (?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??) ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????????. [121]

?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? (????? ??????)? ? ???????? (??????)? ? ???? ?????? ?? ????? (??????)? ? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? 2009. ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????. [122]

????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???. ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? (???? ??????) ??? ??? 1944. [123] [124]

??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????. [125]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????? ??? 1957 ? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????????

????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? (PME2)? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ≪??????? ?????? ?????.≫ [126]

??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???. [127] ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???. ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????. [128] ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 1973 ??? ??????? ????. [129] [130] ? ????? ?? ??? 1976 ??? ???? 151 ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????. [131]

???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????

?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ??????. ? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? plebe (???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????)? ? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? (yearlings or yuks)? ? ???? ???? ?????? ???? (cows)? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? (firsties). [132] [133] ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ?????????? plebeians ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ???? yearlings ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????. ??? ??? ???? cow ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ≪??????? ??????? ??? ??????.≫

?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????. ? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???. [134] ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? A ??? I ? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? A ?? A1? ? A2? ? A3? ? A4. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? (???? ??????) ? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. [135]

???? ??????? ?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????

?????? ?????????? ????? ?? 50 ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ?? ??????. [136] [137] ? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? 60 ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. [138] ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????. [139] ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????. [140] ? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? 2007-2008? 4487 ???? ?????. ? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 15.1% . ??? ??? 92% ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? 81% ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? 80%. [90]

????? [ ??? ]

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