한국   대만   중국   일본 
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( ?????????? : Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. )?  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1476) في ويكي بيانات
 

?????? ????? ????? [1]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P50) في ويكي بيانات
????? ?????????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P407) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? 1687 [2]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P577) في ويكي بيانات
???? ????? ????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P291) في ويكي بيانات
????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?   ????????? ???????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P136) في ويكي بيانات
??????? ?????? ????????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P921) في ويكي بيانات
????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? [1]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P144) في ويكي بيانات
Newton's personal copy of the first edition of Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , annotated by him for the second edition. Displayed at ????? ????? ???????? .

?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ??? 5 ????? 1687?. ≪????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????≫. [3] ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? (???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? )??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????.

?????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ????? (1643-1727) ???? ???? ??????

??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ???????? ???:

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??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ≪????? ?????? ?????? ( ??????? )≫ ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????(????????)? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????.

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? (??????) ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??: ????? = ?????? × ??????? . ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????: ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????.

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ≪??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???????≫ ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????.

????? ???????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? (?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ) ? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? (??? ????? ) ???? ??? (??? ???? ????? ) ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? (2×2) ?? ???? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ???? ? 3 ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? (3×3) ?? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? (???) ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? (?? ?????) ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??.

????? ?????? ???? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? (????? ??????) ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? (???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????).

?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? 1609?-1619? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? . ??? ?? ??????? ?????: ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????: ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????: ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? .??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????.

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????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????. ???? ????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? 200 ??? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ≪?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???≫.

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  1. ^ ? ? Arthur Berry (1898), A Short History of Astronomy (??????????? ??????????), London: John Murray, QID : Q19025604
  2. ^ https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/newtons-principia-mathematica . {{ ??????? ??? }} : |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
  3. ^ Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton’s Mathematical Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736 ???? ?????? 2016-06-03 ?? Wayback Machine