?????? ????????? ?? ?????? 2012

?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? 5 ????? 2012 ??? 7 ????? 2012 ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? 5 ?????. ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ^[1] ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? (???? ?????? ???????) ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? 5 ????? 2012. ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? 6 ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????.

????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??. ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 2010. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????. ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????. ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? 2011.

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? 83? ????? ?????? 4 ?? ????? ?????: "????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ^[2]

?? ??? ???? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????. ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????: "???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? 90 ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? 2011? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? 2011? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? 350 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ???????? 40 ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????: "?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ... ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????". ^[3]

?? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? 2013 ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? 90 ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????. ?? 10 ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ^[4] ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???: ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????. ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? 13 ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. ^[5]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ "Malawi announces president's death" . Aljazeera News, Africa . 7 ????? 2012. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-06-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-04-22 .
^ "Constitution of Malawi" . 1998. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-07-01 .
^ "Keith Somerville, profile" . Politic and International Relations . University of Kent. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-12-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-04-21 .
^ "Malawi arrests six former officials over coup conspiracy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-04-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-11 .
^ "DPP supporters cause chaos in Lilongwe" . Malawi Today . 13 ???? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-07-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-07-01 .

[death-1] "Malawi announces president's death" . Aljazeera News, Africa . 7 ????? 2012. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-06-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-04-22 .

[2] "Constitution of Malawi" . 1998. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-07-01 .

[UofKent-3] "Keith Somerville, profile" . Politic and International Relations . University of Kent. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-12-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-04-21 .

[4] "Malawi arrests six former officials over coup conspiracy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-04-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-11 .

[5] "DPP supporters cause chaos in Lilongwe" . Malawi Today . 13 ???? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-07-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-07-01 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

? ? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? 1991
????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? 2010
??? 1990	???? (1991) ^c ?????? (1991) ^c ??????? ???????? (1991) ????? (1991) ^c ?????? (1991?1992) ^c ??????? (1992) ??????? (1992) ???? (1992) ^‡ ???????? (1992) ^c ??????? (1992) ????????? (1993) ^‡ ???????? (1993) ^c ????? (1993) ^‡ ??????? (1993) ??????? (1993) ^c ?????? (1994) ^c ?????? (1994) ^‡ ???????? (1995) ??? (1995) ^c ??? ???? ???????? (1995) ??????? (1996) ^c ?????? (1996) ^c ??? (1996) ????? (1997) ^c ?????? (1997) ?????? (1998) ??????? ??????? (1998) ?????? (1999) ^c ??????? (1999) ^c ???? ????? (1999) ^c
??? 2000	???? (2000) ^c ????????? (2000) ^c ??????? (2001) ??????? ??????? ?????? (2001) ??????? (2002) ??????? ??????? ?????? (2003) ??????? (2003) ????? ????? (2003) ??? ???? ???????? (2003) ????????? (2003) ???? (2004) ????? (2004) ^c ????? ?????????? (2004) ????????? (2005) ^c ??????? (2006) ???? (2006) ??????? (2006) ^c ?????? (2006) ???? (2006) ^c ???? (2007) ??????? (2007) ????? (2007) ????? ??????? (2008) ????????? (2008) ^c ????? (2008) ^c ?????? (2009) ^c ??????? (2009) ^c
??? 2010	?????? (2010) ^c ????? ????? (2010) ^c ????????? (2010) ?????? (2010) ??????? ??????? ??????????? (2011) ????? ????? (2011) ???????? (2011) ????? ????? ??????? (2012) ???? (2012) ^c ?????? (2012) ????? ????? (2012) ^c ???? ????? (2012) ??????? (2012) ??????? ??????? ?????? (2012?????) ???? (2013) ????? (????? 2013) ??? ????? (2013) ???? (2013) ??? (2013) ^c ????? (?????? 2013) ???? ??????? (2013) ????? (2014) ??????? (2014) ^c ?????? (2014) ?????? (2014) ????? (2014?15) ^c ??????? (2015) ??????? ???? (2015) ????? (2016) ??????? ???? (2016) ????? ?????? (2016) ????? (2016) ???????? (2017) ^c ????? ?????????? (2017) ????? (2018) ^c ???????? (2018) ^‡ ??????? (2019) ??????? (2019)
??? 2020	???? (2020) ^c ??????? ?????? (2021) ??????? (2021) ^c ?????? (2021) ???? (2021) ^c ????? (2021) ^c ???? (2021) ^‡^c ??????? (2021) ?????? ?????? ^c ??????? ???? (2022) ????? ^c ?????? ^c ????? ????? (2022) ??? ???? ???????? (2022) ?????? (2022) ^‡ ?????? (2022) ??????? (2023) ?????? (2023) ^c ??????? (2023) ^c ??????? ???? (2023) ???????? 2023 ????? ????? (2023) ??????? ??????? ??????????? (2024)
^c ?????? ???? ^‡ ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????