??????? ????

????? ????
	????? ???? ??? 1903
??????? ?????
???????	16 ????? 1867 ; ?????? ? ????? ???????
??????	30 ???? 1912 (45 ???) ; ?????? ? ????? ??????
???????	??????
?????? ???????
???????	???? ??????? ???????
??????	????? ????/???? ????????? ????/?????? ????????? ???? ??????
???????
	??????? ???????? ??????? ; ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ‏ ; ???? ????????
	????? ????? - ?????

?????? ????
	?????? ???? ???1903
??????? ?????
???????	19 ????? 1871 ; ?????? ? ??????
??????	30 ????? 1948 (76 ???) ; ?????? ? ????? ??????
???????	??????
?????? ???????
???????	???? ????? ?? ????????
??????	????/????? ????/???? ????????? ????/?????? ????????? ???? ??????
???????
	??????? ???????? ??????? ; ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ‏ ; ???? ????????
	????? ????? - ?????

??????? ???? ( ??????????? : Wright Brothers )? ??? ?????? ( 19 ????? 1871 - 30 ????? 1948 ) ?????? ( 16 ????? 1867 - 30 ???? 1912 ).

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? (1828-1917) ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? (1831-1889) ???? ??????? ????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? . ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? 1867? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1871. ^[2]^[3]

?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???: ?????? (1861?1920) ?????? (1862- 1939) ??????? (1874-1929) ??????? ????? ????? (1870 ????? ?? ???????). ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? (?????? 1606 ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????) ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? 1636. ^[4]

?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ^[5]

???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 1884. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ?? ??? 1878? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? 1 ??? ??????? (30 ??). ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????. ^[6]

?? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ???? ?? 22 ?????? ??? 1909. ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? 100,000 ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?10% ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????/ ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ^[7]

?? ????? ??? 1910? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????- ????? ?. ^[8]

?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? 1910? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? 13 ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????. ??? ?????? 1911? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? (???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????). ^[9]

???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? 7 ?????? 1910? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? 65 ??? (105 ??) ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? 5000 ?????. ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ^[10]

??? ???? 1910 ?1916? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? 115 ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? (???) ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1911 (???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????) ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? (??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????)? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????. ^[11]

????? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ??? 1912 ?1913? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????. ??? ??? ?????? 11 ??? ????? ??? 1913. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????. ^[12]

??? ??????? ???? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? (2021) ??? ??? ??????? ????. ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? 2020. ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? 19 ????? ?7 ???? 2021? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? 7 ????. ^[13]

???? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? (??? 1903) ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? 1969? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? 11.

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? 17 ?????? 1903 . ^[14] ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? 75 ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???.

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? 1903 ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? 100 ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????.

??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????.

?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ≪???????≫ ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???. ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? 821393 ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????.

????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ^[15] ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????. ?? ??? 1900 ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1903 ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????

????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? https://www.biography.com/people/groups/the-wright-brothers . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-07-29 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ "The Wright Brothers, Chapter Two" . Dayton History Books Online. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-01-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-26 .
^ "Wilbur and Orville Wright Papers at the Library of Congress" . Library of Congress. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-04-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-26 .
^ Wright, Milton. The Reeder Family. The Making Of A Township: Being an Account of the Early Settlement and Subsequent Development of Fairmount Township Grant County, Indiana 1829?1917, pages 223?227.
^ Gibbs-Smith? Charles Harvard (2002). The Wright Brothers . ISBN : 9781900747448 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-14.
^ McCullough, 2015, "The Wright Brothers", p. 11.
^ Wallechinsky and Wallace 2005, p. 12.
^ "The Wright Family." U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission , 2003. Retrieved: September 21, 2010. ???? ?????? 2021-10-23 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Waynet Facts and Fun Information Wayne County, IN. Retrieved July 5, 2015 ???? ?????? 2021-10-23 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Paul Laurence Dunbar (2003). "What Dreams We Have ? Chapter 4" . National Park Service, nps.gov. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-08-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-09-21 .
^ "The Van Cleve bicycle that the Wrights built and sold." U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission , 2003.
^ Howard 1988, p. 30.
^ Tobin 2004, p. 92.
^ "?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? 17 ?????? 1903" . ??????? ??????? ???????? . 17 ?????? 1903. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-22 .
^ "?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????????" . ??????? ??????? ???????? . 1897. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-08-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-22 .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??????? ????

[wikidata-50ad0f2038cbcf19eebca175b266ec8ca1d91008-1] ? ^? https://www.biography.com/people/groups/the-wright-brothers . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-07-29 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wb-dayton-online-2] "The Wright Brothers, Chapter Two" . Dayton History Books Online. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-01-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-26 .

[wb-loc-papers-3] "Wilbur and Orville Wright Papers at the Library of Congress" . Library of Congress. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-04-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-26 .

[4] Wright, Milton. The Reeder Family. The Making Of A Township: Being an Account of the Early Settlement and Subsequent Development of Fairmount Township Grant County, Indiana 1829?1917, pages 223?227.

[The_Wright_Brothers-5] Gibbs-Smith? Charles Harvard (2002). The Wright Brothers . ISBN : 9781900747448 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-14.

[6] McCullough, 2015, "The Wright Brothers", p. 11.

[7] Wallechinsky and Wallace 2005, p. 12.

[8] "The Wright Family." U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission , 2003. Retrieved: September 21, 2010. ???? ?????? 2021-10-23 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[9] Waynet Facts and Fun Information Wayne County, IN. Retrieved July 5, 2015 ???? ?????? 2021-10-23 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[wb-nps-chapter4-10] Paul Laurence Dunbar (2003). "What Dreams We Have ? Chapter 4" . National Park Service, nps.gov. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-08-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-09-21 .

[wb-centennial-bicycle-11] "The Van Cleve bicycle that the Wrights built and sold." U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission , 2003.

[12] Howard 1988, p. 30.

[13] Tobin 2004, p. 92.

[WDL-14] "?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? 17 ?????? 1903" . ??????? ??????? ???????? . 17 ?????? 1903. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-22 .

[WDL2-15] "?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????????" . ??????? ??????? ???????? . 1897. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-08-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-22 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]