한국   대만   중국   일본 
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????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? 14% ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 2013. ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? (340 ????? ?????) 22% ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? . ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? 1998? ??? ????? ?? ??? 2000 ??? 57% ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????.

????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? 4.8% ?? ??? 2000? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? (-1.9%) ?? ??? 1999. ???? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????? -??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????- ????? ????? ?? ??? 2000? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? 120 ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? 528 ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????????? 10.1% ??? 2000? ??????? ???? ?? 10.9% ??????? ?? ??? 1999. ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? 2000? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? (?????? ?? ???????? ???????) ????? 28% ??? 410 ????? ????? ?? ??? 2000. ?????? ????????? (??????) ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? 19 ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 2005. ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? (2007) 1,649 ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? 6,736 ???????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????.

???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? (ESAF) -???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? (PRGF) ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? 1999. ?? ???? ??????? (??? ??? 2000 ???????) ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????. ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? -??? ?? ??? ???????? ???????- ??? ?????? 400 ????? ?????. ?? ????? 2000? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (HIPC)? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????.

???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????.

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??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (NYHRMC).

???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? 55% ?? ???????? ?? ???????????. ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????. ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????.

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????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? 1913 ?1929? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? 3 ?????? ????? (2 ????? ????? ?? ?????) ??? 25 ????? ????? (21 ????? ????? ?? ?????). ????? ??? ???????? ≪???????≫ ????? ?? 40 ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????.

??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1954? ??? ?? ????? ??? 35 ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? (???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????????) ?? ???? ??????? ???? (???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????).

??? ??? 1950 ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???. ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? 1960 ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? (45%) ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? (CACM).

????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? 1969 ?? ????????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????.

??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ??? 1979? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 20 ??? 30% ?? ????????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? 1980? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? 4 ?????? ?????. ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? 9 ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? 1981? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 31 ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? 1982? ?? ???? 48.3 ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? 1983. ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? 200 ????? ????? ?? ??? 1985? ???? ??? ???? ?? 100 ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????. [6]

????? ??????? ?????? 116 ?? [[???? ???????? ??????? ??? 2023. [7]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ " ????? ?????? ????? ?????? " . ????? ?????? . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-10-21 .
  2. ^ ???? ????: http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO?year=2016 .
  3. ^ " ????? ?????? ????? ?????? " . ????? ?????? . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-05-27 .
  4. ^ ???? ????: http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIEPCH@WEO?year=2016 .
  5. ^ " ????? ?????? ????? ?????? " . ????? ?????? . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-05-01 .
  6. ^ "Growth and Structure of the Economy" . countrystudies.us. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-11-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-04-11 .
  7. ^ WIPO. "Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition" . www.wipo.int (???????????). DOI : 10.34667/tind.46596 . Archived from the original on 2023-10-22 . Retrieved 2023-10-29 .

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