????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????.
??? ????
??????? ?????????
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????. ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??
1991
.
?? 1928-1991 ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??
????? ???????
. ?? ???? 40 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????.
???????
[
???
]
???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????
????????
?? ???? ??????? (???? ????? ??????)? ???????? (???? ??????)? ??????? (???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????). ????? ?? ??? 1928? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? (???????? ????? ??≪????? ???????≫) ???? ???????? ?????????? (??? ??????? ??????? ?????)? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????. ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1930 ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????.
[2]
[3]
???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? 1928 ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????
?????? ??????????
. ?? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1953? ?????? ????? ??????????? (??? ???????? ?) ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????. ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ≪??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????≫. ??? ??? 1955? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? 1956.
[4]
[5]
???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????:
≪??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? -?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????- ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????.≫
[6]
????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? (??? ????? ?????? ?????)? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????.
???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??
??????? ????????
??
??????? ????????
??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ≪????? ?????≫ ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? (??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????).
[7]
[8]
????? ????? ???????
[
???
]
??? ??????? ?????? ?
????? ??????
? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 1928.
[9]
??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????
??????? ?????????
??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? (???????????)? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????.
?????? ??????
[
???
]
??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????.
?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????
????? ??????? ????????
. ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????.
????? ??????? ?????
[
???
]
???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? (????? ????? ???????)? ??????? ????????? ???? (???? ???????) ??????? ???????? ????. ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????. ??? ???????? ??
????????
? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? (??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????) ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.
[10]
???? ?????
[
???
]
?
??????? ???????? ??????? ????????
?????
[
???
]
- ^
???? ????:
http://www.theodora.com/wfb/1991/rankings/inflation_rate_pct_1.html
.
- ^
Holland Hunter, "The Overambitious First Soviet Five-Year Plan."
Slavic Review
32.2 (1973): 237-257.
- ^
Smolinski 1973
? ????? 1189?90: "The mathematical sophistication of the tools actually employed was limited to those that had been used in
Das Kapital
: the four arithmetical operations, percentages, and arithmetic (but not geometric) mean."
- ^
Пыжиков А. В.
Хрущевская "Оттепель" : 1953?1964,
Olma-Press, 2002 (
????
978-5224033560
)
- ^
"Георгий Маленков. 50 лет со дня отставки"
,
????? ?????? ?????
???? ??????
2019-01-03 ??
Wayback Machine
- ^
Naum Jasny, "Some Thoughts on Soviet Statistics: An Evaluation,"
International Affairs
(Royal Institute of International Affairs) 35#1 (1959), pp. 53-60,
online
???? ??????
2019-12-23 ??
Wayback Machine
- ^
"The Importance of Blats in Soviet Everyday Life | Socialist and Post-Socialist Cities"
(??????????? ?????????). Archived from
the original
on 2019-12-21
. Retrieved
2019-03-21
.
- ^
Revinskaya, Elena; RIR (16 Oct 2013).
"A look at the old ration system in Russia"
.
www.rbth.com
(??????????? ?????????). Archived from
the original
on 2019-12-05
. Retrieved
2019-03-21
.
- ^
Nick Shepley,
Stalin, the Five Year Plans and the Gulags: Slavery and Terror 1929-53
(2015).
- ^
R.W. Davies and Oleg Khlevnyuk, "Gosplan." in E. A. Rees, ed.,
Decision-making in the Stalinist Command Economy, 1932?37
(1997). 32-66.
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