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???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? 1996 ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????." ^[1] ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? (?????) ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????. ^[2] ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????. ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????.

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??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????. ???? ???? 1990 ?1999 ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ^[3] ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????. ??? ??? 2000? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ??? ???? 37% ??? (20 ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?10 ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????) ^[4] ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????.

????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? .

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????? ??????? ≪?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ≫ ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ≪???? ????? ??????≫.” ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????:

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??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????."

???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ≪???????≫ ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????.

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???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? (?????) ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? (????) ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????.

???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????. ??? ??? 2008? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? (SUCRE)

??????? ??????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ≪??????? ???????????≫. ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? (???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? 2004 ?2011) ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ≪???? ?????≫ ???? ?????? ??? ≪????? ????≫ ?? ≪????? ???? ???≫ ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????. ^[5] ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ≪???? ?????≫ ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????-?? ??.

????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ≪?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????!≫ ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ^[6] ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ^[7]

???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ^[8]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Heinz Dieterich: ?Der Sozialismus des 21. Jahrhunderts ? Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Demokratie nach dem globalen Kapitalismus“ , Einleitung
Socialism of the 21st Century ? Economy, Society, and Democracy in the era of global Capitalism, Introduction
^ Burbach? Roger (2013). Latin America's Turbulent Transitions . London: Zed Books. ISBN : 978 1 84813 569 7 eb . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? author-name-list parameters ???? ???? ?? ??? ( ?????? ) ? ???? ?? ??? |isbn= ??????: ??? ??? ???? ( ?????? )
^ ECLAC (2002). "Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean". Social Panorama of Latin America 2000-2001 : 71.
^ "Encuesta Latinobarometro 1999-2000" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-08-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-05-03 .
^ Gudynas, Eduardo. 2011. Buen Vivir: Today's Tomorrow Development 54(4):441-447.
^ "Venezuela after Chavez: Now for the Reckoning" . The Economist . 9 ???? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-05-04 .
^ Hart? Peter. "NYT Debates Hugo Chavez- Minus the Debate" . Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting (FAIR). ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-05-04 .
^ Roth? Charles (6 ???? 2013). "Venezuela's Economy Under Chavez, by the Numbers" . Wall Street Journal . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-05-04 .

[Dieterich-1] Heinz Dieterich: ?Der Sozialismus des 21. Jahrhunderts ? Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Demokratie nach dem globalen Kapitalismus“ , Einleitung
Socialism of the 21st Century ? Economy, Society, and Democracy in the era of global Capitalism, Introduction

[Burbach-2] Burbach? Roger (2013). Latin America's Turbulent Transitions . London: Zed Books. ISBN : 978 1 84813 569 7 eb . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? author-name-list parameters ???? ???? ?? ??? ( ?????? ) ? ???? ?? ??? |isbn= ??????: ??? ??? ???? ( ?????? )

[3] ECLAC (2002). "Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean". Social Panorama of Latin America 2000-2001 : 71.

[4] "Encuesta Latinobarometro 1999-2000" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-08-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-05-03 .

[Gudynas-5] Gudynas, Eduardo. 2011. Buen Vivir: Today's Tomorrow Development 54(4):441-447.

[Economist-6] "Venezuela after Chavez: Now for the Reckoning" . The Economist . 9 ???? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-05-04 .

[FAIR-7] Hart? Peter. "NYT Debates Hugo Chavez- Minus the Debate" . Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting (FAIR). ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-05-04 .

[Roth-8] Roth? Charles (6 ???? 2013). "Venezuela's Economy Under Chavez, by the Numbers" . Wall Street Journal . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-05-04 .

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