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????????? ( ??????????? : Orientalism )? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???-????? ???? ????? ???????. ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? -???? ???? ?????- ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????. ^[1]

????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ≪????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????: ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????≫? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??:

????????? ?????????? (Colonial Orientalism): ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????? 1960.
????????? ?? ??? ?????????? (Post Colonial Orientalism): ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????.
????????? ?????? (New Orientalism): ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ≪??????? ??????????? ????????? ??????≫. ^[2]

????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? . ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???. ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? . ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????.

?? ????? ?????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? . ?????: ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? . ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ???? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????.

?? ?????? ?????????: ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????: ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? (???) ??????????? ??? ( ??????????? : Orient )?? ?????? ??????? ????? (The orient)? ???????? ?????? ( ??????????? : Oriental )?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ( ??????????? : Orientalist )? ?? ??????.

??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????? " "????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ≪????? ??? ???????≫ ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????.

???? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????.

???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????: ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? .

??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????????. ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? (?????? ????) ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????.

???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????.

????? ?????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????: ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????.

???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???: ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????.

??????: ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????.

?????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????:

?????: ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????.

???????: ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???.

????????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? : "???? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???". ^[3] ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? "????? ?????? ??????? ?????" ??? 1795? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? Sylvester de Sasi ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????". ^[4]

??? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ≪ ????????? ≫ ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ≪??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????≫. ^[5]

???? ?????????? ????????... ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ≪????≫ ?≪?????≫ ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? 1789 ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? - ????? ??? ???????? - ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ^[6]

????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????: ≪ ???? ???????? ≫? ≪ ???? ?????? ≫? ?≪ ???? ?????? ≫? ?≪ ??? ???? ≫. ^[7]

????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ≪??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? 1220?≫. ^[8]

??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? "????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ^[9]

???????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ≪???? ?? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????≫. ^[10]

??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ≪???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????≫? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ≪?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????≫. ^[11]

????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? 1076 ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? 1224 ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??: ??????? ?? ??????? (1114 ? 1187).

??? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ( 1225 - 1274 ) ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????:

???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????.
??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????
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???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? (????????? ??? ????????? ???????????) ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? Leiden ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? - ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (????)-??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ( 1857? - 1936? ) ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ( 1836? - 1909? )????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ≪ ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ≫ ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? vensinek ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???. ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? Leiden ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????.

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????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????.

???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????. ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? 1722 ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 1754 ??? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 1763 ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? 1804 ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? 1811? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? Kratchkovski ?? ????? ≪?????????≫ ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? 1804 ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1804? ??????.

??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????.?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ≪?????????≫ ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ( 1871? - 1941? ) ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? .

??? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????????? Kratchkovski ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????:

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???????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? (1671?1731)
??? ????? (1702?1789)
??? ????? (1780?1867)
????? ?????? (1796?1864)
???????? (1798?1863)
??? ?????? (1805?1876)
?????? ??? (1812?1888)
?????? ??????? (1824?88)
?????? ?????? (1826?1899)
????? ????? (1828-1899)
??????? ????? (1830?1896)
????? ?????? (1836?1902)
?????? ???? (1840-1887)
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???? ??????? ?????? ( 1851 - 1896 )
????? ?????? (1858?1917)
??? ????? (1860?1942)
???? ????? ????? (1861 ?1929)
?????? ????? (1882 ?1953)
??????? ??????? (1884?1949)
????? ??????? (1885?1940)
???? ??? (1909-1981)

???? ?? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????:

??????: (????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? (???????) ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????).
??????? ???? : (???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????).
?????? ??????: (???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? 1919? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ≪ ???? ????? ???? ≫ -??? ?? ???? ?????????- ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1914? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????????).
'???????? ??? :' (?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????????).
????? ??????? : (??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????). ^[12]

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^ ???? ??????????. ????? ????????? . ? 69. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ???? ( link )
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?????? ?? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? : ?????????: ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? 1981? 368 ????.
?????? ???? : ??????? ????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? 1998.
?????? ???? : ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? 1996.
???? ???? ?? : ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? 2003.
??????? ???? ?????? : ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? 2003? 543 ????.
??????? ???? ?????? : ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????: ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? 1992.
??????? ???? ?????? : ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? 2000.
??????? ???? : ????????? ??? ??????? ????????: ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? 2000.
???? ???? ?????? : ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? 1417/1998.
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BBC Documentary: on Orientalism-Edward Said ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??.

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[4] ????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? (????? ???????) . ? 40. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ???? ( link )

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[7] ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????? "?????????"? ?2? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? 1987 . ? 35. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ???? ( link )

[8] ???? ??????????. ????? ????????? . ? 69. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ???? ( link )

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??????	Islam in the Far North ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????
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