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???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ? ???? ?? ≪???????? ??????≫ ( dvoevlastie ) ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? (?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? (Petrograd Soviet)) ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???.

??? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ≪?????? ????????≫ ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????.

????? ?????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

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?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???. ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ?? "???????" ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????: ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????: "????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? […] ??????.

?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????.

????? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ??? ????? ≪???? ?????≫ ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? 3 ?7 ????? (????? ??????? ?????????) ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????. ^[1] ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????. ^[2]

??? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????. ^[3] ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? 1917 .

???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????). ^[4] ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? (???????????? ???????????) ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????. ^[5] ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????.

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????: ≪??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? -?? ????? ???- ????????≫. ^[6] ??????? ???? ????? ≪???? ??? ??????≫? ^[7] ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????.

?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? 1917 (????? ??????? ?????????). ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? (???? ??????? ???????) ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ^[8] ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ^[9] ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ≪?????? ???????? ??????≫. ^[10]

???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? 25 ?26 ?????? (????? ??????? ?????????)? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ^[11] ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ??? 26 ??????? ???? ???????? ^[12] ?? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? (???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????)? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????. ^[13] ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????.

???????? ?????? ????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??. ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? (CCRI). ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ≪??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????. ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.≫ ^[14]

??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1994? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???. ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? 1995? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????. ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? 38 ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ^[15]

???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? 1996? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1996? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ????? ?????? ≪????? ????? ??????? [?]???????? ?????? ????????≫? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????. ≪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≫ ^[16]

??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????: ≪????? ????? ?? ????? ????????≫? ??? ≪??? ???? ?????? ???? ????≫ ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???. ^[17] ???? ???? ??? ≪??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????.≫ ^[18]

????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????. ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ≪????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????- ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????≫. ^[19]

???? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???: ^[20]

?????????: ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????.
???????: ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????.
????????: ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Smith 2017 ? ???? 124.
^ Siegelbaum? Lewis (1917). "July Days" . Seventeen Moments in Soviet History: An On-Line Archive of Primary Sources . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-05-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-11-05 .
^ Steinberg 2001 ? ???? 156.
^ Ferro 1971 .
^ Kaiser 1987 ? ???? 6.
^ Lenin 1964a .
^ Smith 2017 ? ???? 122.
^ Steinberg 2001 ? ???? 171.
^ Smith 2017 ? ???? 147.
^ Steinberg 2017 ? ???? 79.
^ Steinberg 2017 ? ???? 80.
^ Steinberg 2001 ? ???? 173.
^ Steinberg 2001 ? ???? 175.
^ "Conversations with Cecilia Rodriguez," Dark Night field notes , no. 8 (winter/spring 1997), 7.
^ John Ross, Rebellion from the Roots: Indian Uprising in Chiapas , 1995
^ Mariana Mora, "The EZLN and Indigenous Autonomous Municipalities," April 1998. ???? ?????? 02 2?????7 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Harry Cleaver, "The Zapatistas and International Networks of Struggles," Dark Night field notes, no. 12/13, 12.
^ EZLN, CCRI-GC and Subcommandante Marcos, communique to the Founding Congress of the FZLN, 13 September 1997. Quoted in Joshua Paulson, "The Zapatista March and the FZLN Congress," 8-20 September 1997.
^ McKee? Yates (30 ????? 2014). "Art After Occupy ? Climate Justice, BDS and Beyond" . Waging Nonviolence . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-01-05 .
^ Federation? Anarchist (2015). A Short Introduction to Anarchist Communism . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-12-04 .

[FOOTNOTESmith2017124-1] Smith 2017 ? ???? 124.

[soviethistory.msu.edu2-2] Siegelbaum? Lewis (1917). "July Days" . Seventeen Moments in Soviet History: An On-Line Archive of Primary Sources . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-05-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-11-05 .

[FOOTNOTESteinberg2001156-3] Steinberg 2001 ? ???? 156.

[FOOTNOTEFerro1971-4] Ferro 1971 .

[FOOTNOTEKaiser19876-5] Kaiser 1987 ? ???? 6.

[FOOTNOTELenin1964a-6] Lenin 1964a .

[FOOTNOTESmith2017122-7] Smith 2017 ? ???? 122.

[FOOTNOTESteinberg2001171-8] Steinberg 2001 ? ???? 171.

[FOOTNOTESmith2017147-9] Smith 2017 ? ???? 147.

[FOOTNOTESteinberg201779-10] Steinberg 2017 ? ???? 79.

[FOOTNOTESteinberg201780-11] Steinberg 2017 ? ???? 80.

[FOOTNOTESteinberg2001173-12] Steinberg 2001 ? ???? 173.

[FOOTNOTESteinberg2001175-13] Steinberg 2001 ? ???? 175.

[14] "Conversations with Cecilia Rodriguez," Dark Night field notes , no. 8 (winter/spring 1997), 7.

[15] John Ross, Rebellion from the Roots: Indian Uprising in Chiapas , 1995

[16] Mariana Mora, "The EZLN and Indigenous Autonomous Municipalities," April 1998. ???? ?????? 02 2?????7 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[17] Harry Cleaver, "The Zapatistas and International Networks of Struggles," Dark Night field notes, no. 12/13, 12.

[18] EZLN, CCRI-GC and Subcommandante Marcos, communique to the Founding Congress of the FZLN, 13 September 1997. Quoted in Joshua Paulson, "The Zapatista March and the FZLN Congress," 8-20 September 1997.

[Yates-19] McKee? Yates (30 ????? 2014). "Art After Occupy ? Climate Justice, BDS and Beyond" . Waging Nonviolence . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-01-05 .

[20] Federation? Anarchist (2015). A Short Introduction to Anarchist Communism . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-12-04 .

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