????? ??????? ???????
????? ??????? ???
??????? ???????
(
????? ??????
:
Homo erectus
? ??????:
???? ???????
) ?? ???? ??
??????? ??????
(Homo ergaster) ??? ????? 1.6 ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??
????
???? ????? ?? ???
???????
?? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? 400 ??? ???. ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????
????
???????????
????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????
??????? ??????
.
??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??
????? ??????
???????
?????
. ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???. ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???
????? ?????????
. ???? ??? ???? ?? ????
??????
????
????
??? ??? 350 ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????
?????????
???? ????? ??? ??? 25 ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????
??????? ??????
? ?? ???? ??????? ??????.
????? ?????????
[
???
]
??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? 3 ?????? ???. ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? 2 ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????
??????? ??????
????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 2 ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.
[2]
??? ???? ??????? (??????? ???????) ??? ??? 2 ????? ???. ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? 1.8 ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????. ????? ????? ??????? (2011) ?? ???? ?????? (??????? ??????) ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????. ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? (????? ????)? ???? ???? ??? ???? (????? ????)? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? (??????? ??????)? ???? ?????? (????? ???????).
[3]
[4]
???????
[
???
]
?? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? 1949 ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????. ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????.
[5]
???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????/???????- ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ≪??????? ?????≫.
[6]
?? 1961? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????.
??????? ????????? ????????
[
???
]
???????
[
???
]
???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??? 1991. ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? 1991 ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? 2005. ???? ????? ??????? ?? 73 ???? ????? ????? ??????? ? 34 ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????.
[7]
??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???.
???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? 1.8 ????? ???. ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? (?? 2600-D2600)? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? (?? 211-D211) ????? ??? ???? (?? 2735-D2735) ????? ??? ????? (????? ??????? 4).
???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? (?? 2700-D2700) ???? ???? ??? ??? 600 ??3 ? (?? 4500-D4500) ???? ???? ??? ??? 546 ??3? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????- ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????.
[8]
[9]
[10]
??? ????? ??? ????
[
???
]
?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? 0.7 ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???. ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? 2018 ?????? ???? ???? ?? 2 ????? ???.
???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? 1.4 ????? ? 0.9 ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ≪?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????≫? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???.
[11]
???? ????? ????? ?????? (???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????)? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 1891? ??? 1-0.7 ????? ???. ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1963 ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
????? ????? ??????? ?? 1923-27 ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 0.75 ????? ???. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? 1965? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? (??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? 1.7 ????? ???).
????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1993 ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? 0.6 ????? ??? ???????.
[12]
??????
[
???
]
??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? 600 ??? ??? (???? ?????? ???? 1)? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ≪????? ???????≫.
??????
[
???
]
???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????.
[13]
[14]
??????
[
???
]
??????? ???????
[
???
]
???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? 2.6 ????? ??? ??? ??? 10 ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??2.58 ????? ??? ??? 11700 ???. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????.
[15]
?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????
?????????
?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? 1.8 ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? 200 ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????????
??????????
. ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????. ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? 1.2 ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????.
??????? ?????
[
???
]
????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? 1.42 ????? ???. ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? 400 ???????? (752 ????????). ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? 1.5 ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? 200-400 ????????.
[16]
[17]
?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? 200 ???????? ?? ????. ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????.
????? ???????
[
???
]
??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1891? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 0.5460 ± 10 ????? ??? ??? ???? ?0.4360 ± 0.05 ????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????.
[18]
?????? ??????????
[
???
]
???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ??. ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????.
[19]
???? ?????
[
???
]
???????
[
???
]
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?
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