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  ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? .

??????? ????? [1] [2] ( ?????????? : Perceptio) ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????. [3]

????? ???
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?? ????? ????? ????? ?   ???????? ???????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P279) في ويكي بيانات
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????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?   ??????? ????????? ???????     [???? ????] ‏  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1343) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????. [4] ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? . ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? : ?????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ? ????? ? ??????? . ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????.

??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????. [5] [6] ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? (??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????). [6] ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? (?? ??????) ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????? (??? ????????) ???? ???? ??? ???????.

????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????. [4]

???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. [5] ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????. [7] ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????. [5]

????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????. [5] ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????. [5]

???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????. [8]

?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ≪ ??????? ????? ≫ ????? [9] ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????.

????? ??????? ????? [ ??? ]

?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ???

???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??????. ?? ???????? ????? ??? 15 ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. [10]

????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ???

????? (?? ????????)? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? (?? ????? ??????). ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? 20 ???? ?20000 ????. [11] ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????.

???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ( ????? ???????? )? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????.

?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????: ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????. ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???????. [12]

????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? (??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ????????) ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. [13] ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. [14] ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????. [15]

???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ≪?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????≫. [16] ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? .

????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????.

?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 100 ?150 ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????. [17]

????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????: ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????. [18]

???? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? (???? ?? 347 ?????? ?? ??? ???). ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. [19]

????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. [20]

??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????. [21]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? (?? ????????) ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????????.

????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????.

???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????. [22]

???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? -???? ?????? ???? ?????- ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????.

?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?/?? ??????? ?/?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ??????? (???? ??? ??????) ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????. ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?. ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????. [23]

??? ?? ?? ????? ≪I owe you (??? ???? ??)≫ ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????.

???? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????:

1? ???? ??????.

2? ??????? ???????: ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????.

3? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????.

4? ?????????: ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????.

??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????:

(??????........???????..........??????...........?????? ?????????.)

???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????..

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?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? (???????) ??? ??????? ????? ???????? provisional? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????.

????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???. ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? . ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? perceive ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ambiguous image ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????.

?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????: ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????.

??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???: ??????? ????????. ????? ???

??????? ??????? ?? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????:

??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? (???????)???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???: [24]

  • ?????? ??????????.
  • ?????? ???????.
  • ????? ????? ???????. [24]
  • ???????.
  • ??????.
  • ?????? ?????????? ?????????. [24]

??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? (?????????) ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? .

  • ?????? ???????.
  • ??????? ????????. [24]
  • ???? ??????.
  • ??????? ???????. [24]

??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? . [24]

???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????. [24]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ???? ????? (2003). ???? ????? ????? ?????? (???????? ???????????). ?????: ????? ????? ?????? . ?. 24. ISBN : 978-9953-33-054-9 . OCLC : 4771449526 . QID : Q98547939 .
  2. ^ ?????? ??????? (PDF) ? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????: ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? 1983? - 1403 ??? ?. 6? ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 3 ?????? 2020 {{ ??????? }} : ???? ?? ??????? ??: |???= ( ?????? )
  3. ^ Schacter? Daniel (2011). Psychology . Worth Publishers. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-31.
  4. ^ ? ? Goldstein (2009) pp. 5?7
  5. ^ ? ? ? ? ? Gregory, Richard. "Perception" in Gregory, Zangwill (1987) pp. 598?601.
  6. ^ ? ? Bernstein? Douglas A. (5 ???? 2010). Essentials of Psychology . Cengage Learning. ?. 123?124. ISBN : 978-0-495-90693-3 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-25 .
  7. ^ Gustav Theodor Fechner. Elemente der Psychophysik. Leipzig 1860.
  8. ^ DeVere? Ronald? Calvert? Marjorie (31 ????? 2010). Navigating Smell and Taste Disorders . Demos Medical Publishing. ?. 33?37. ISBN : 978-1-932603-96-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-11-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-26 .
  9. ^ Deleuze and Guattari, What is Philosophy? , Verso, 1994, p. 163.
  10. ^ Gollisch? Tim? Meister? Markus (28 ????? 2010). "Eye Smarter than Scientists Believed: Neural Computations in Circuits of the Retina" . Neuron . ?. 65 ?. 2: 150?164. DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.009 . PMC : 3717333 . PMID : 20152123 .
  11. ^ "Frequency Range of Human Hearing" . The Physics Factbook . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-09-21.
  12. ^ Moore? Brian C. J. (15 ?????? 2009). "Audition" . ?? Goldstein? E. Bruce (??????). Encyclopedia of Perception . Sage. ?. 136?137. ISBN : 978-1-4129-4081-8 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-11-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-26 .
  13. ^ Klatzky? R. L.? Lederman? S. J.? Metzger? V. A. (1985). "Identifying objects by touch: An "expert system." " . Perception & Psychophysics . ?. 37 ?. 4: 299?302. DOI : 10.3758/BF03211351 . PMID : 4034346 .
  14. ^ Lederman? S. J.? Klatzky? R. L. (1987). "Hand movements: A window into haptic object recognition". Cognitive Psychology . ?. 19 ?. 3: 342?368. DOI : 10.1016/0010-0285(87)90008-9 . PMID : 3608405 . S2CID : 3157751 .
  15. ^ Robles-de-la-torre? Gabriel? Hayward? Vincent (2001). "Force can overcome object geometry in the perception of shape through active touch". Nature . ?. 412 ?. 6845: 445?448. Bibcode : 2001Natur.412..445R . DOI : 10.1038/35086588 . PMID : 11473320 . S2CID : 4413295 .
  16. ^ Gibson? J.J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN : 978-0-313-23961-8 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-07.
  17. ^ DeVere? Ronald? Calvert? Marjorie (31 ????? 2010). Navigating Smell and Taste Disorders . Demos Medical Publishing. ?. 39?40. ISBN : 978-1-932603-96-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-11-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-26 .
  18. ^ Why do two great tastes sometimes not taste great together? ???? ?????? 28 November 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . scientificamerican.com. Dr. Tim Jacob, Cardiff University. 22 May 2009.
  19. ^ Brookes? Jennifer (13 ????? 2010). "Science is perception: what can our sense of smell tell us about ourselves and the world around us?" . Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences . ?. 368 ?. 1924: 3491?3502. Bibcode : 2010RSPTA.368.3491B . DOI : 10.1098/rsta.2010.0117 . PMC : 2944383 . PMID : 20603363 .
  20. ^ Bergland? Christopher (29 ????? 2015). "Psychology Today" . How Does Scent Drive Human Behavior? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-05-12.
  21. ^ E. R. Smith, D. M. Mackie (2000). Social Psychology . Psychology Press, 2nd ed., p. 20
  22. ^ Watkins? Anthony J.? Raimond? Andrew? Makin? Simon J. (23 ???? 2010). "Room reflection and constancy in speech-like sounds: Within-band effects" . ?? Lopez-Poveda? Enrique A. (??????). The Neurophysiological Bases of Auditory Perception . Springer. ?. 440. Bibcode : 2010nbap.book.....L . ISBN : 978-1-4419-5685-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-11-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-26 .
  23. ^ Davis? Matthew H.? Johnsrude? Ingrid S. (????? 2007). "Hearing speech sounds: Top-down influences on the interface between audition and speech perception". Hearing Research . ?. 229 ?. 1?2: 132?147. DOI : 10.1016/j.heares.2007.01.014 . PMID : 17317056 . S2CID : 12111361 .
  24. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ???? ???? ??????:???? ??? ??? ????? ?????(????? ?????????? ?????? -??? ??? ?????.
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