????? ??????? ???????

??? ???? ??	????? ??????
??? ??	????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????
??????	human resource manager (en)
????	??????? ... ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ? human resources planning (en) ? reward management (en) ? ???????? ????????
???????	human material (en)

????? ??????? ??????? ( ??????????? : Human Resources Management )?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ???????? ? ????????? ? ? ??????? ? ? ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? . ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? (?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ). ^[1]

???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??. ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ≪????? ???????≫ ?? ??????? ?? ≪?????≫ ?? ???? ≪???????≫. ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????. ?? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????.

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (1856-1915). ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ≪ ??????? ??????? ≫ (?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????)? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? -???????- ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ^[2]

???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? -???????? ?????????- ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ^[3] ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????.

????? ????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ( ????? ??????? ? ??? ???????) ??? ??????? ?????? (?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ) ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ≪???????? ???????? ????????≫. ?? 1913 ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? -???? ??????? ??????- ^[4] ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? -?????? ???????? ??????? ???????- ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 1945.

???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????????. ≪???????? ??????? ????????≫ ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ≪????? ???? ????????≫. ?? 1948? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? - ????? ????? ??????? ??????? - ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? (????). ^[5]

??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ≪????? ??????? ???????≫? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? - ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1998. ≪????? ??? ????? ??????≫ ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????. ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ≪????? ????????≫? ≪????? ????? ???????≫? ≪????? ???????≫ ≪????? ???? ????????≫ ?? ?????? ≪????? ?????≫.

???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ≪ ?????? ≫? ??? ≪???? ????????≫ ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????., ^[6] ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ≪??????≫ ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ≪??? ???≫ ≪???????? ????????? ??????? ???????≫ ^[7] ???????? ??? ???? ??? ≪???? ??????? ???????≫ ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? 2010 ?????? ≪???? ??????? ???????≫ ????? ?????? ≪????? ??????? ???????≫ ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ≪??????? ???????≫ ??? 1999 ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ≪???? ???????≫? ???? ??????? ???????? ≪?????≫ ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????.

??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????: ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
??????: ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???: ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????.
?????: ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????
????? ??????? ??: ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????.
???? ?? ?????? ??: ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????.

? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????.

????????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ≪??? ??????≫ ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????????. ^[8]

??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ???????? ??? " ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????.

? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? . ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????. ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????.(???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????) ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? (??? ???? ??????: ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????). ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? . ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????. ^[9]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????. ^[10] ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ^[11]^[12]

?? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????: ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????. ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????. ^[13] ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 2009? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ^[14]^[15]

???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????????. ?? ??? 2007? ??? ???? 950 ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? 18.8 ???? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ? ?????? ? ?????? ??? (???? ??? ?? ???? ??????)? ??? (???? ???? ?? ????) ??? ????? ?? ???????? . ^[16] ?? ??? 2010? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? 43 ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??. ^[17]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ^[18] ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????. ^[19]

?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??????-?????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????.

???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ^[10] ?????? 250,000 ??? ?? 140 ????. ^[20] ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? (PHR) ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 1918. ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????. ^[21] ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????????? (?????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????)? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? . ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????.

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ "??? ???? " ????? ??????? ??????? " | ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????" . ??????? ???? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-09-23 .
^ Merkle? Judith A. Management and Ideology . University of California Press. ISBN : 0-520-03737-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-12-18.
^ Mayo? Elton (1945). "Hawthorne and the Western Electric Company" (PDF) . Harvard Business School. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-10-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-28 .
^ "About CIPD" . Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-11-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-22 .
^ "About SHRM" . Society for Human Resource Management. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-01-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-22 .
^ O'Brien? Michael (8 ?????? 2009). "HR's Take on The Office" . Human Resource Executive Online. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-12-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-28 .
^ "Catbert shows tougher side to human resources" . Personnel Today. 30 ????? 2007. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-12-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-28 .
^ Ulrich? Dave (1996). Human Resource Champions. The next agenda for adding value and delivering results . Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. ISBN : 0-87584-719-6 . OCLC : 34704904 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-16.
^ Towers? David. "Human Resource Management essays" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-12-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-10-17 .
^ ^? ^? Jonathan E. DeGraff (21 ?????? 2010). "The Changing Environment of Professional HR Associations" . Cornell HR Review . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-04-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-21 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????: |????= ( ?????? )
^ Wright? Patrick. "The 2011 CHRO Challenge: Building Organizational, Functional, and Personal Talent" (PDF) . Cornell Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies (CAHRS). ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2013-10-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-09-03 .
^ Conaty, Bill? and Ram Charan (2011). The Talent Masters: Why Smart Leaders Put People Before Numbers . Crown Publishing Group. ISBN : 978-0-307-46026-4 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-29.
^ "Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Managers and Specialists" . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-02-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-23 .
^ "Human Resources Manager" . CNN Money. 2006. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-23 .
^ "Human Resources Manager" . CNN Money. 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-23 .
^ "Towers Watson Executives See Growth Ahead For Merged Firms" (PDF) . Workforce Management. 2007. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2012-04-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-01-13 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????: |????= ( ?????? )
^ "HR consultant" . CNN Money. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-23 .
^ "About Cornell ILR" . w:Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-12-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-08-23 .
^ "HR Graduate Program Rankings" . HR Patriot. 26 ????? 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-07-05 .
^ SHRM Website: About SHRM ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2009-01-16 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "About IOR" . Institute of Recruiters (IOR). ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-22 .

????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.
??? ?? ???? ?????.

[1] "??? ???? " ????? ??????? ??????? " | ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????" . ??????? ???? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-09-23 .

[2] Merkle? Judith A. Management and Ideology . University of California Press. ISBN : 0-520-03737-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-12-18.

[3] Mayo? Elton (1945). "Hawthorne and the Western Electric Company" (PDF) . Harvard Business School. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-10-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-28 .

[4] "About CIPD" . Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-11-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-22 .

[SHRM-5] "About SHRM" . Society for Human Resource Management. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-01-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-22 .

[6] O'Brien? Michael (8 ?????? 2009). "HR's Take on The Office" . Human Resource Executive Online. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-12-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-28 .

[7] "Catbert shows tougher side to human resources" . Personnel Today. 30 ????? 2007. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-12-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-28 .

[8] Ulrich? Dave (1996). Human Resource Champions. The next agenda for adding value and delivering results . Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. ISBN : 0-87584-719-6 . OCLC : 34704904 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-16.

[9] Towers? David. "Human Resource Management essays" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-12-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-10-17 .

[Assoc-10] ? ^? Jonathan E. DeGraff (21 ?????? 2010). "The Changing Environment of Professional HR Associations" . Cornell HR Review . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-04-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-21 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????: |????= ( ?????? )

[11] Wright? Patrick. "The 2011 CHRO Challenge: Building Organizational, Functional, and Personal Talent" (PDF) . Cornell Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies (CAHRS). ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2013-10-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-09-03 .

[12] Conaty, Bill? and Ram Charan (2011). The Talent Masters: Why Smart Leaders Put People Before Numbers . Crown Publishing Group. ISBN : 978-0-307-46026-4 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-29.

[13] "Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Managers and Specialists" . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-02-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-23 .

[14] "Human Resources Manager" . CNN Money. 2006. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-23 .

[15] "Human Resources Manager" . CNN Money. 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-23 .

[16] "Towers Watson Executives See Growth Ahead For Merged Firms" (PDF) . Workforce Management. 2007. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2012-04-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-01-13 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????: |????= ( ?????? )

[17] "HR consultant" . CNN Money. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-23 .

[18] "About Cornell ILR" . w:Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-12-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-08-23 .

[19] "HR Graduate Program Rankings" . HR Patriot. 26 ????? 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-07-05 .

[20] SHRM Website: About SHRM ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2009-01-16 ?? Wayback Machine

[21] "About IOR" . Institute of Recruiters (IOR). ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-22 .

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???? ??? ???????	??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????
???? ???? ???? ???????	????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????????
?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????	???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????
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????? ??? ???????	???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????