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??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? . ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????.

?????? ??? ????? (???? 5-8) [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? . ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????.

?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????. ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????.

???????? ??? ???????? (???? 9-12) [ ??? ]

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??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? . ??? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????. ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? "?? ???" ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? "?? ???" ?????. ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????.

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??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???. ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????.

?????? ??? ?????? (???? 13-20) [ ??? ]

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???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? (???? ?? ????? ???? ????????) ????? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????.

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????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? -?????? ?? ?????- ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????. ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???????.

???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????.

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????? ???????? ?? 12109 ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ^[3]^[4] ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????. ^[5] ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ^[6]

???? ?????????? ???????? ???????- ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? :

???? 1-4: ???????- ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????????. ^[7]
???? 9-12: ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????. ^[8]
???? 22: ?????????? (?????? "????" + ????? "???" ?? ??? ??????). ^[9]

???? ?????? 22 ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ????????? 548 ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ^[10]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? (???? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ) ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? . ^[11] ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ^[12] ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????- ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? (??? ??????? ???? ?????) ??????. ^{[?? 2]} ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? (???? 9-11) ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ?. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????. ^{[?? 2]}

???????? ??? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ^[13] ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ^[14] ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????. ^[15] ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ^[16] ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????- ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ^[17] ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???. ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????. ^[18]

??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? 1914 ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ^[19] ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???. ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ^[20] ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ^[21] ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????. ^[22]

???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

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?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ^[23] ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? "?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????". ^[24] ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ^[25] ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? . ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????. ^[25] ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ^[25] ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ^[25]

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????: ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ^[26]

???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? "????" ?? "????"? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ^{[?? 3]} ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? "??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???"? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????. ^[26]

????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[26] ???? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????. ^[26] ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????. ^[26]

????? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? (????? ?????)? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ^[27]^[28] ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? "?????" ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????. ^[27] ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ^[27] ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????. ^[27] ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????.

???? ????? ?????? ???? ???. ??. ???????? ????? ??????: ^[29]

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?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????. ^[28]^[30]

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????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????. ^[31] ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ^[31] ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????. ^[31] ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???. ^[31]

????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????: ^[28]^[31]

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????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??. ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ^[32] ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???. ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????. ^[33]

???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????- ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ^[30] ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ^[34]

??????? ????? [ ??? ]

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????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?.? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ^[35] ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?.?. ^[36] ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? "??? ?????? ???? ????? ???". ^{[?? 4]} ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????. ^[37] ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? 700-750 ?.? ??? ?????. ^[35]

??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????. ^[35] ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ^[36] ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ^[38] ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? 566 ?.? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ^[39] ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? "?????" ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????. ^[35]

???????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????. ^[40]^[41] ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?.?. ^[40] ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?.? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? - ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ^[42]

????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ^[40]^[41] ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? (??? 1115-1195 ?) ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ^[40]^[41] ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? 2000 ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ^[40] ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ^[40]^[41] ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? 1488. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ^[41]

??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????????. ^{[?? 5]} ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? 2018 ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? 13 ????? ?? ?????? 14 ?? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????. ^{[?? 6]}^{[?? 7]}

??? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ^[43] ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ^[44] ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??. ^[45] ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????. ^{[?? 1]} ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ^{[?? 8]} ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????. ^{[?? 9]}

??? ????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? ?????? *?????* ????? ????.

????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???. ^[19] ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ???????? ?? "????? ????? ??? ??? ??????"? ????? ??????? ??? "??????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????". ^[28] ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????.

????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? (1922) ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????. ^[46]^[47] ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ? ??? 18 ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????. ^[48] ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????. ^[49] ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ^[50]

???? ????? ????????: ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????.

????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? (2005) ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ^{[?? 10]} ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ^{[?? 11]} ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? . ???? ????? ????? (2018) ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ^{[?? 12]} ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ^{[?? 13]} ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????. ^{[?? 14]}

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??????? (1911) ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????. ^[51]
????? (1954) ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????. ^[52]
??????? (1968) ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ^[53]
??????: ?????? (1989) ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? . ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ^[54]
???? ????? (1995) ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????. ^[55]
???????? (1997) ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ^[56]
?? ???? ??? ???? (2000) ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????. ^[57]

??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? (1640) ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ^{[?? 15]}
??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? (?????? ? ??? ?????? ???????) ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? 2014. ^[58]
???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????: "????????"? ?"???? ???????"? ?"????? ??????"? ?"??????". ^{[?? 16]}
????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ^{[fr 1]} ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? . ^{[?? 17]}

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? "The greatest tale ever told?" . BBC Culture (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-06-19 . Retrieved 2018-05-22 .
^ ^? ^? "The Geography of the Odyssey" . Lapham's Quarterly (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-10-08 . Retrieved 2019-02-27 .
^ "Greek Myths & Greek Mythology" . greekmyths-greekmythology.com (???????????). Archived from the original on 02-05-2020 . Retrieved 2010 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( help )
^ "From carnage to a camp beauty contest: the endless allure of Troy" . The Guardian (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-01-09 . Retrieved 2019-11-13 .
^ "Oldest Greek Fragment of Homer Discovered on Clay Tablet" . Smithsonian (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-01-23 . Retrieved 2019-01-13 .
^ " 'Oldest known extract' of Homer's Odyssey discovered in Greece" . Reuters (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-03-24 . Retrieved 2018-07-10 .
^ "Homer Odyssey: Oldest extract discovered on clay tablet" . BBC News (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-09-01 . Retrieved 2018-07-10 .
^ "Odyssey" . World History Encyclopedia (???????????). Archived from the original on 2017-07-04 . Retrieved 2022-07-29 .
^ "Historically, men translated the Odyssey. Here's what happened when a woman took the job" . Vox (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-06-27 . Retrieved 2022-07-29 .
^ "A new spin on Homer" . The Guardian (???????????). Archived from the original on 2016-03-26 . Retrieved 2005-10-29 .
^ "Margaret Atwood: A personal odyssey and how she rewrote Homer" . The Independent (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-07-07 . Retrieved 2005-10-28 .
^ "Circe by Madeline Miller review ? myth, magic and single motherhood" . The Guardian (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-06-14 . Retrieved 2018-04-21 .
^ " 'Circe' Gets A New Motivation" . NPR.org (???????????). Archived from the original on 2018-04-25 . Retrieved 2018-04-15 .
^ "December's Book Club Pick: Turning Circe Into a Good Witch" . The New York Times (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-09-06 . Retrieved 2018-05-28 .
^ "Monteverdi's 'The Return of Ulysses' " . NPR (???????????). Archived from the original on 2017-02-24 . Retrieved 2007-03-23 .
^ "The Iliad (from The Odyssey (Symphony No. 2))" . www.alfred.com (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-08-08.
^ "Esiste uno stile Gallotta ?" . Romaeuropa (???????????). Archived from the original on 2007-04-01.

???? ????????? [ ??? ]

?????????

^ Moal (1999) , p. 507.

???????????

^ ?δ?σσεια . ???? ???? ???? ; ????? ???? ; A Greek?English Lexicon ?? ????? ??????? .
^ Harper, Douglas. "odyssey" . ????? ??? ?????? ??????? .
^ Myrsiades (2019) , p. 3.
^ Haslam (1976) , p. 6.
^ Foley (2007) , p. 19.
^ Lattimore (1951) , p. 14.
^ Willcock (1976) , p. 32.
^ Most (1989) , p. 15.
^ Cairns (2014) , p. 231.
^ Carne-Ross (1998) , p. ixi.
^ Finley (1976) , p. 33.
^ Fox (2008) , p. 55.
^ West (1997) , p. 403.
^ West (1997) , p. 402?417.
^ West (1997) , p. 405.
^ West (1997) , p. 406.
^ West (1997) , p. 410.
^ West (1997) , p. 417.
^ ^? ^? Mayor (2000) , p. 9.
^ Anderson 2000 ? ????? 127?131.
^ Anderson (2000) , p. 127?131.
^ Anderson (2000) , p. 124?125.
^ Bonifazi (2009) , p. 481-492.
^ Bonifazi (2009) , p. 481.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? Thornton (1970) , p. 1?15.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Thornton (1970) , p. 16?37.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? Thornton (1970) , p. 38?46.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? Reece (1993) , p. 93.
^ Hainsworth (1972) , p. 320?321.
^ ^? ^? Edwards (1992) , p. 284?330.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Thornton (1970) , p. 47?51.
^ Thornton (1970) , p. 52-57.
^ Kundmueller (2013) , p. 1-8.
^ Homer (1945) , p. 143.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? Wilson (2018) , p. 21.
^ ^? ^? Wilson (2018) , p. 23.
^ Wilson (2018) , p. 28.
^ Davison (1955) , p. 7-8.
^ Davison (1955) , p. 9-10.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Lamberton (2010) , p. 449?452.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Browning (1992) , p. 134?148.
^ Haslam (2011) , p. 9.
^ Kenner (1971) , p. 50.
^ Hall (2008) , p. 25.
^ Ruskin (1868) , p. 17.
^ Gorman (1939) , p. 45.
^ Jaurretche (2005) , p. 29.
^ Drabble (1995) , p. 56.
^ Ames (2005) , p. 17.
^ Williams (1992) , p. 108?109.
^ Luzzi (2020) , p. 71.
^ Wilson (2003) , p. 3.
^ Morcillo (2015) , p. 5.
^ Marchena (2018) , p. 97.
^ Grafton (2010) , p. 653.
^ Roman (2005) , p. 269.
^ Siegel (2007) , p. 6.
^ Griffel (2008) , p. 448.

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???????? ?????????? (????? ??? ????? ?????)

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John Bryan Hainsworth (1972). "The Odyssey ? Agathe Thornton: People and Themes in Homer's Odyssey" . Classical Review (???????????). DOI : 10.1017/S0009840X00996720 . ISSN : 0009-840X . QID : Q125553178 .
Michael W. Haslam (1976). "Homeric Words and Homeric Metre: Two Doublets Examined" . Glotta (???????????). ISSN : 0017-1298 . JSTOR : 40266365 . QID : Q125521417 .
Glenn W. Most (1989). "The Structure and Function of Odysseus' Apologoi" . Transactions of the American Philological Association (???????????). DOI : 10.2307/284257 . ISSN : 0360-5949 . JSTOR : 284257 . QID : Q125521527 .
Mark W. Edwards (1992). "Homer and the Oral Tradition" . Oral Tradition (???????????). DOI : 10.1353/ORT.2004.0011 . ISSN : 0883-5365 . QID : Q125553226 .
Keri Elizabeth Ames (2005). "Joyce's Aesthetic of the Double Negative and His Encounters with Homer's "Odyssey"". European Joyce Studies (???????????). ISSN : 0923-9855 . JSTOR : 44871207 . QID : Q125889889 .
"The Coens' O Brother, Where Art Thou? and Homer's Odyssey" . Mouseion (???????????). 2007. DOI : 10.1353/MOU.0.0029 . ISSN : 1496-9343 . QID : Q125891429 .
Michael C. Haslam (2011). "Text and Transmission" . The Homer Encyclopedia (???????????). DOI : 10.1002/9781444350302 . ISBN : 978-1-4051-7768-9 . QID : Q125808931 .
Michelle Kundmueller (2013). "Following Odysseus Home: an Exploration of the Politics of Honor and Family in the Iliad, Odyssey, and Plato's Republic" . American Political Science Review (???????????). ISSN : 0003-0554 . QID : Q125623017 .

????? (????? ??? ????? ?????)

John Ruskin (1868). The Mystery of Life and its Arts (???????????). Cambridge University Press . ISBN : 978-1-31303-050-2 . QID : Q125826766 .
Herbert Gorman (1939), James Joyce (???????????), Rinehart & Company, OCLC : 1035888158 , QID : Q125889790
??????? (1945). ???????? . ?????: ????? ???? . ??? ?????? . ISBN : 978-0-14303-995-2 . OL : 7361807M . QID : Q125623135 .
Richmond Lattimore (1951). The Iliad of Homer (???????????). University of Chicago Press . ISBN : 978-0-22647-049-8 . OL : 24809573M . QID : Q125521511 .
Agathe Thornton (1970). People and Themes in Homer's Odyssey (???????????). Methuen Publishing. ISBN : 978-0-41616-790-0 . OL : 4659198M . QID : Q125553040 .
??????? (1945). ???????? . ?????: ????? ???? . ??? ?????? . ISBN : 978-0-14303-995-2 . OL : 7361807M . QID : Q125623135 .
Hugh Kenner (1971). The Pound Era (???????????). University of California Press . ISBN : 978-0-52002-427-4 . OL : 18774767M . QID : Q125826714 .
Moses I. Finley (1976). The World of Odysseus (???????????). NYRB Classics. ISBN : 978-1-59017-017-5 . OL : 3552475M . QID : Q125542233 .
Richmond Lattimore (1951). The Iliad of Homer (???????????). University of Chicago Press . ISBN : 978-0-22647-049-8 . OL : 24809573M . QID : Q125521511 .
Robert Browning (1992). The Byzantines and Homer (???????????). Princeton University Press . ISBN : 978-0-6916-5627-4 . OL : 27757740M . QID : Q125808898 .
Steve Reece (1993). The Stranger's Welcome: Oral Theory and the Aesthetics of the Homeric Hospitality Scene (???????????). University of Michigan Press. ISBN : 0-472-10386-5 . OL : 1728438M . QID : Q125553150 .
Margaret Drabble (1995). Ulysses (???????????). Oxford University Press . ISBN : 978-0-19-866221-1 . OL : 1279523M . QID : Q125889868 .
Moses I. Finley (1976). The World of Odysseus (???????????). NYRB Classics. ISBN : 978-1-59017-017-5 . OL : 3552475M . QID : Q125542233 .
D. S. Carne-Ross (1998). The Poem of Odysseus (???????????). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN : 978-0-374-52574-3 . OL : 7424415M . QID : Q125521546 .
Philippe Le Molt (1999). Dictionnaire de la danse (?????????). Editions Larousse. ISBN : 978-2-03583-335-8 . QID : Q125921334 .
Adrienne Mayor (2000). The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times (???????????). Princeton University Press . ISBN : 978-0-69124-560-7 . OL : 40326404M . QID : Q125544574 .
Graham Anderson (2000). Fairytale in the Ancient World (???????????). Taylor & Francis . ISBN : 978-0-415-23702-4 . OL : 7487825M . QID : Q125544582 .
Jerry Herman (2003). World History on the Screen: Film and Video Resources (???????????). ISBN : 978-0-8251-4615-2 . OL : 9306733M . QID : Q125891340 .
Colleen Jaurretche (2005). Beckett, Joyce and the art of the negative (???????????). European Joyce Studies. ISBN : 978-90-420-1617-0 . OL : 19148553M . QID : Q125889830 .
James Roman Eisner (2005). From Daytime to Primetime: The History of American Television Programs (???????????). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN : 978-0-313-31972-3 . OL : 9310341M . QID : Q125891416 .
John Miles Foley (2007). ""Reading" Homer through Oral Tradition" . College Literature (???????????). ISSN : 0093-3139 . JSTOR : 25115419 . QID : Q125521505 .
Edith Hall (2008). The Return of Ulysses: A Cultural History of Homer's Odyssey (???????????). I.B. Tauris . ISBN : 978-1-78076-235-7 . OL : 32935640M . QID : Q125826729 .
Martin Litchfield West (1997). The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth (???????????). Oxford University Press . ISBN : 978-0-19815-221-7 . OL : 7396936M . QID : Q125544560 .
Margaret Ross Griffel (2018). Operas in German: A Dictionary (???????????). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN : 978-1-4422-4797-0 . QID : Q125921299 .
Anna Bonifazi (2009). "Inquiring into Nostos and Its Cognates" . American Journal of Philology (???????????). ISSN : 0002-9475 . JSTOR : 20616206 . QID : Q125553013 .
Robert D. Lamberton (2010). The Classical Tradition (???????????). Harvard University Press . ISBN : 978-0-674-03572-0 . OL : 25083496M . QID : Q125808868 .
Anthony Grafton (2010). The Classical Tradition (???????????). Harvard University Press . ISBN : 978-0-674-03572-0 . OL : 25083496M . QID : Q125891394 .
Douglas L. Cairns (2014). Defining Greek Narrative (???????????). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN : 978-0-7486-8010-8 . OL : 28392369M . QID : Q125521538 .
Marta Garcia Morcillo (2015). Imagining Ancient Cities in Film: From Babylon to Cinecitta (???????????). Routledge . ISBN : 978-1-135-01317-2 . OL : 33733543M . QID : Q125891363 .
Emily Wilson (2018). Introduction: When Was The Odyssey Composed? (???????????). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN : 978-0-393-08905-9 . OL : 26401674M . QID : Q125756148 .
Ulysses in the Cinema: The Example of Nostos, il ritorno (???????????). Bloomsbury Academic. 2018. ISBN : 978-1-4742-9859-9 . OL : 27407597M . QID : Q125891382 .
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Joseph Luzzi (2020). Italian Cinema from the Silent Screen to the Digital Image (???????????). Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN : 978-1-44119-561-6 . OL : 36718133M . QID : Q125891298 .

?????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[مولد_تلقائيا1-3] ? ^? "The greatest tale ever told?" . BBC Culture (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-06-19 . Retrieved 2018-05-22 .

[:0-14] ? ^? "The Geography of the Odyssey" . Lapham's Quarterly (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-10-08 . Retrieved 2019-02-27 .

[29] "Greek Myths & Greek Mythology" . greekmyths-greekmythology.com (???????????). Archived from the original on 02-05-2020 . Retrieved 2010 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( help )

[40] "From carnage to a camp beauty contest: the endless allure of Troy" . The Guardian (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-01-09 . Retrieved 2019-11-13 .

[47] "Oldest Greek Fragment of Homer Discovered on Clay Tablet" . Smithsonian (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-01-23 . Retrieved 2019-01-13 .

[48] " 'Oldest known extract' of Homer's Odyssey discovered in Greece" . Reuters (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-03-24 . Retrieved 2018-07-10 .

[49] "Homer Odyssey: Oldest extract discovered on clay tablet" . BBC News (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-09-01 . Retrieved 2018-07-10 .

[53] "Odyssey" . World History Encyclopedia (???????????). Archived from the original on 2017-07-04 . Retrieved 2022-07-29 .

[54] "Historically, men translated the Odyssey. Here's what happened when a woman took the job" . Vox (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-06-27 . Retrieved 2022-07-29 .

[60] "A new spin on Homer" . The Guardian (???????????). Archived from the original on 2016-03-26 . Retrieved 2005-10-29 .

[61] "Margaret Atwood: A personal odyssey and how she rewrote Homer" . The Independent (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-07-07 . Retrieved 2005-10-28 .

[62] "Circe by Madeline Miller review ? myth, magic and single motherhood" . The Guardian (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-06-14 . Retrieved 2018-04-21 .

[63] " 'Circe' Gets A New Motivation" . NPR.org (???????????). Archived from the original on 2018-04-25 . Retrieved 2018-04-15 .

[64] "December's Book Club Pick: Turning Circe Into a Good Witch" . The New York Times (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-09-06 . Retrieved 2018-05-28 .

[72] "Monteverdi's 'The Return of Ulysses' " . NPR (???????????). Archived from the original on 2017-02-24 . Retrieved 2007-03-23 .

[74] "The Iliad (from The Odyssey (Symphony No. 2))" . www.alfred.com (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-08-08.

[76] "Esiste uno stile Gallotta ?" . Romaeuropa (???????????). Archived from the original on 2007-04-01.

[75] Moal (1999) , p. 507.

[1] ?δ?σσεια . ???? ???? ???? ; ????? ???? ; A Greek?English Lexicon ?? ????? ??????? .

[2] Harper, Douglas. "odyssey" . ????? ??? ?????? ??????? .

[4] Myrsiades (2019) , p. 3.

[5] Haslam (1976) , p. 6.

[6] Foley (2007) , p. 19.

[7] Lattimore (1951) , p. 14.

[8] Willcock (1976) , p. 32.

[9] Most (1989) , p. 15.

[10] Cairns (2014) , p. 231.

[11] Carne-Ross (1998) , p. ixi.

[12] Finley (1976) , p. 33.

[13] Fox (2008) , p. 55.

[15] West (1997) , p. 403.

[16] West (1997) , p. 402?417.

[17] West (1997) , p. 405.

[18] West (1997) , p. 406.

[19] West (1997) , p. 410.

[20] West (1997) , p. 417.

[:10-21] ? ^? Mayor (2000) , p. 9.

[FOOTNOTEAnderson2000127–131-22] Anderson 2000 ? ????? 127?131.

[23] Anderson (2000) , p. 127?131.

[24] Anderson (2000) , p. 124?125.

[25] Bonifazi (2009) , p. 481-492.

[26] Bonifazi (2009) , p. 481.

[:0-27] ? ^? ^? ^? Thornton (1970) , p. 1?15.

[:1-28] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? Thornton (1970) , p. 16?37.

[:2-30] ? ^? ^? ^? Thornton (1970) , p. 38?46.

[:3-31] ? ^? ^? ^? Reece (1993) , p. 93.

[32] Hainsworth (1972) , p. 320?321.

[:4-33] ? ^? Edwards (1992) , p. 284?330.

[:5-34] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? Thornton (1970) , p. 47?51.

[35] Thornton (1970) , p. 52-57.

[36] Kundmueller (2013) , p. 1-8.

[37] Homer (1945) , p. 143.

[:6-38] ? ^? ^? ^? Wilson (2018) , p. 21.

[:7-39] ? ^? Wilson (2018) , p. 23.

[41] Wilson (2018) , p. 28.

[42] Davison (1955) , p. 7-8.

[43] Davison (1955) , p. 9-10.

[:8-44] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Lamberton (2010) , p. 449?452.

[:9-45] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? Browning (1992) , p. 134?148.

[46] Haslam (2011) , p. 9.

[50] Kenner (1971) , p. 50.

[51] Hall (2008) , p. 25.

[52] Ruskin (1868) , p. 17.

[55] Gorman (1939) , p. 45.

[56] Jaurretche (2005) , p. 29.

[57] Drabble (1995) , p. 56.

[58] Ames (2005) , p. 17.

[59] Williams (1992) , p. 108?109.

[65] Luzzi (2020) , p. 71.

[66] Wilson (2003) , p. 3.

[67] Morcillo (2015) , p. 5.

[68] Marchena (2018) , p. 97.

[69] Grafton (2010) , p. 653.

[70] Roman (2005) , p. 269.

[71] Siegel (2007) , p. 6.

[73] Griffel (2008) , p. 448.

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