???? ??? ??????

???? ??? ??????
( ?????????? : Otto von Guericke )?
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???????	20 ?????? 1602 ; ???????
??????	11 ???? 1686 (83 ???) ; ???????
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	????? ????? - ?????

???? ??? ?????? ( ?????????? : Otto von Guericke )? ??????? ?????? ? ( 20 ?????? 1602 - 11 ???? 1686 )? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? 16 ?????? ????? ???? ????? . ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ^[3]^[4]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???. ?? ??? 1617 ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 1620 ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? . ^[5]^[6]^[7]

?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? 1626 ? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1645 ??: ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1652. ^[8]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? 1626. ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? 1631 ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ^[9]

??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ??? 1646 ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1678? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??????. ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ?? ??? 1666 ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ??? ≪???≫. ^[7]

??????? ??????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? 1642 ???? ????? ≪???????? ????????≫ ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????. ?? ??? 1648 ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????. ^[10]

???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??? 1654 ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????. ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????. ^[9]

????????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?? ??? 1647 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ^[5]

??? ????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? 1654 ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????. ??? ?????? ??? -??? ???????? ?? ??????- ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???(55) ????? ????? ????? ??? (??? ?????????? ???????????? ) ????? ???? ?? ??? 1657. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? 1660 ??? ????? ???????? - ????????? (touching the Spring of Air and its Effects). ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????. ^[11]

??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? -Ottonis de Guericke Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio-

???? ????? -???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????- ??? ?????? ???????????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????????. ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 14 ???? 1663 ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1672. ??? 1664 ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???. ????? ????? ?? ????? (Technica Curiosa)? ?????? "Mirabilia Magdeburgica"? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? (39) ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? 22 ????? 1656. ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? 4 ????? 1657? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 12 ??????. ^[12]^[13]

???? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? 20 ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? (1666) ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ??? 1666 ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ????? Experimenta Nova ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????.

?? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1677 -??? ????? ??????- ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ??? 1681? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????. ???? ???? ????? ?? 11 ???? 1686? ?? ??? 55 ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? 1631. ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? 23 ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????.

????? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??? (Ottonis de Guericke Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio) ???? 1657 ?1664 ?????? (Experimenta Nova) ???? 1672. ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? Experimenta Nova ??? ????? ??????:

? ?????? ??????: ????? ?????? ???????? ??????

? ?????? ??????: ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????.

? ?????? ??????: ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? Encyclopædia Britannica Online (??????????)

????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? А. М. Прохоров , ed. (1969), Большая советская энциклопедия: [в 30 т.] (????????) (3rd ed.), Москва: Большая российская энциклопедия, Герике Отто фон, OCLC : 14476314 , QID : Q17378135
^ http://collection.britishmuseum.org/id/person-institution/213446 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ "Guericke, Otto von" . OxfordDictionaries.com . OUP . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-08-13 .
^ E. Grant, Much Ado About Nothing ? Theories of space and vacuum from the Middle Ages to the Scientific Revolution , p18.
^ ^? ^? Keithley? Joseph (1999). The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements From 500 BC to the 1940s . IEEE Press. ?. 9?13. ISBN : 0-7803-4709-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-16.
^ Kleint? Christian (1998). "Horror, Happenings and Highlights in the History of Vacuum Physics". Progress in Surface Science . ?. 59: 301?312. Bibcode : 1998PrSS...59..301K . DOI : 10.1016/S0079-6816(98)00056-2 .
^ ^? ^? Dewey? Joseph (2009). "Otto von Guericke". ?? Benson? A.K. (??????). Great Lives from History: Inventors & Inventions . Salem Press. ?. Vol. 2. ?. 480?482. ISBN : 9781587655241 . {{ ??????? ??????? }}: |??????= ???? ????? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ Marciniak? Waldemar (2012). "Biography: Otto von Geuricke (1602-1686)". Storytelling @ Teaching Model .
^ ^? ^? Heilbron? J.L. (1979). Electricity in the 17th and 18th centuries: a study of early Modern physics . ??? ??? ????? ?????????? . ISBN : 0-520-03478-3 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-01.
^ Schiffer? Michael (2003). Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment . University of California Press. ?. 17 ?18. ISBN : 9780520939851 .
^ "Experimentum novum Magdeburgicum, … " in: Gaspar Schott, Mechanica Hydraulico-pneumatica (Wurzburg: Henrick Pigrin, 1657), pp. 441-488. ???? ?????? 2014-06-27 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Otto von Guericke, Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Johann Jansson, 1672). On page 104 , there is an account of his demonstration of two hemispheres which were held together only by air pressure but which two teams of horses could not separate; an illustration of the event appears on the following pages. "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-10-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-11-13 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^
See: Heathcote, N. H. de V. (1950) "Guericke's sulphur globe", Annals of Science , 6 : 293-305. doi: 10.1080/00033795000201981
- Zeitler, Jurgen (2011) "Guerickes Weltkrafte und die Schwefelkugel", Monumenta Guerickiana 20 / 21 : 147-156.
- Schiffer? Michael Brian (2003). Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment . Univ. of California Press. ?. 18?19. ISBN : 0-520-24829-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-27. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch ( ?????? )

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ??? ??????

[wikidata-f53951fd3db62f0c36d80fa9fc5ef899bd5248a1-1] ? ^? А. М. Прохоров , ed. (1969), Большая советская энциклопедия: [в 30 т.] (????????) (3rd ed.), Москва: Большая российская энциклопедия, Герике Отто фон, OCLC : 14476314 , QID : Q17378135

[wikidata-79f6a9f2eb5003e1055a6c566bd9e6088d90d470-2] ttp://collection.britishmuseum.org/id/person-institution/213446 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[3] "Guericke, Otto von" . OxfordDictionaries.com . OUP . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-08-13 .

[4] E. Grant, Much Ado About Nothing ? Theories of space and vacuum from the Middle Ages to the Scientific Revolution , p18.

[:2-5] ? ^? Keithley? Joseph (1999). The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements From 500 BC to the 1940s . IEEE Press. ?. 9?13. ISBN : 0-7803-4709-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-16.

[6] Kleint? Christian (1998). "Horror, Happenings and Highlights in the History of Vacuum Physics". Progress in Surface Science . ?. 59: 301?312. Bibcode : 1998PrSS...59..301K . DOI : 10.1016/S0079-6816(98)00056-2 .

[JDewey-7] ? ^? Dewey? Joseph (2009). "Otto von Guericke". ?? Benson? A.K. (??????). Great Lives from History: Inventors & Inventions . Salem Press. ?. Vol. 2. ?. 480?482. ISBN : 9781587655241 . {{ ??????? ??????? }}: |??????= ???? ????? ?????? ( ?????? )

[:1-8] Marciniak? Waldemar (2012). "Biography: Otto von Geuricke (1602-1686)". Storytelling @ Teaching Model .

[:0-9] ? ^? Heilbron? J.L. (1979). Electricity in the 17th and 18th centuries: a study of early Modern physics . ??? ??? ????? ?????????? . ISBN : 0-520-03478-3 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-01.

[:3-10] Schiffer? Michael (2003). Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment . University of California Press. ?. 17 ?18. ISBN : 9780520939851 .

[11] "Experimentum novum Magdeburgicum, … " in: Gaspar Schott, Mechanica Hydraulico-pneumatica (Wurzburg: Henrick Pigrin, 1657), pp. 441-488. ???? ?????? 2014-06-27 ?? Wayback Machine

[12] Otto von Guericke, Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Johann Jansson, 1672). On page 104 , there is an account of his demonstration of two hemispheres which were held together only by air pressure but which two teams of horses could not separate; an illustration of the event appears on the following pages. "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-10-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-11-13 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[13] See: Heathcote, N. H. de V. (1950) "Guericke's sulphur globe", Annals of Science , 6 : 293-305. doi: 10.1080/00033795000201981
Zeitler, Jurgen (2011) "Guerickes Weltkrafte und die Schwefelkugel", Monumenta Guerickiana 20 / 21 : 147-156.

Schiffer? Michael Brian (2003). Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment . Univ. of California Press. ?. 18?19. ISBN : 0-520-24829-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-27. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch ( ?????? )

[14] Zeitler, Jurgen (2011) "Guerickes Weltkrafte und die Schwefelkugel", Monumenta Guerickiana 20 / 21 : 147-156.

[15] Schiffer? Michael Brian (2003). Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment . Univ. of California Press. ?. 18?19. ISBN : 0-520-24829-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-27. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch ( ?????? )

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