?????? ?????????

???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????. ^[1] ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1524? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????. ^[2] ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????. ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????????. ^[3] ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? 1492 ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????.

??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????. ???? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????.

?????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? .

??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? 1519-1521. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? 1524? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ^[4]

?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1546 ??? ???? ?????? ( ??????? )? ?????????? ( ??????? )? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ^[5]

????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????????. ??? 75% ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? 25% ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? . ??? 240 ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ^[6]

??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? (???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1717)? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1535 ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? 1536 (???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? 1776)? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? 1541.

??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1565? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????.

???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? 1522? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? (1525)? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ???????.

???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? 27 ????? 1565? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? (?????? ??? ????? ??????? ) ????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1572. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? 1898.

????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ^[7]

????? ?????? ???????????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????????. ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????????. ^[8]

???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? (??? ?? 1700 ??? 1746)? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (??? ?? 1759 - 1788). ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????. ^[9]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Johnson? Lyman L.? Migden Socolow? Susan (2002). "Colonial Centers, Colonial Peripheries, and the Economic Agency of the Spanish State". ?? Daniels? Christine? Kennedy? Michael V (????????). Negotiated Empires: Centers and Peripheries in the Americas, 1500?1820 . New York: Routledge. ?. 59?78.
^ Gibson 1966 ? ???? 69.
^ Mecham 1966 ? ???? 36.
^ "Conquest in the Americas" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-10-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-14 .
^ Mann? Charles C. (2012). 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created . Random House Digital, Inc. ?. 33?34. ISBN : 978-0-307-27824-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-06-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-08-28 .
^ Axtell? James (????????????? 1991)? "The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America" ? Humanities ? ?. 12? ?. 12?18? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-05-17 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2008-10-08
^ Cook? Warren L. (1973). Flood Tide of Empire: Spain and the Pacific Northwest, 1543?1819 . New Haven: Yale University Press.
^ Brading 1971 ? ????? 33-94.
^ Kuethe, Allan J. "The Bourbon Reforms" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 1996 ? vol. 1, p. 399-401

????? ???????

[1] Johnson? Lyman L.? Migden Socolow? Susan (2002). "Colonial Centers, Colonial Peripheries, and the Economic Agency of the Spanish State". ?? Daniels? Christine? Kennedy? Michael V (????????). Negotiated Empires: Centers and Peripheries in the Americas, 1500?1820 . New York: Routledge. ?. 59?78.

[FOOTNOTEGibson196669-2] Gibson 1966 ? ???? 69.

[FOOTNOTEMecham196636-3] Mecham 1966 ? ???? 36.

[Conquest_in_the_Americas-4] "Conquest in the Americas" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-10-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-14 .

[Mann2012-5] Mann? Charles C. (2012). 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created . Random House Digital, Inc. ?. 33?34. ISBN : 978-0-307-27824-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-06-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-08-28 .

[6] Axtell? James (????????????? 1991)? "The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America" ? Humanities ? ?. 12? ?. 12?18? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-05-17 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2008-10-08

[7] Cook? Warren L. (1973). Flood Tide of Empire: Spain and the Pacific Northwest, 1543?1819 . New Haven: Yale University Press.

[FOOTNOTEBrading197133-94-8] Brading 1971 ? ????? 33-94.

[Bourbon_Reforms-9] Kuethe, Allan J. "The Bourbon Reforms" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 1996 ? vol. 1, p. 399-401

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