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?????? ???????? ???? ???? [1]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P927) في ويكي بيانات
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????? ????? ????? [2]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P5642) في ويكي بيانات
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????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? 1911   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1343) في ويكي بيانات
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??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? . ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? . ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? . [7]

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????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? 6.9 ???? ? 7.1 ??? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 4.6 ??? ??? ??? 9.8 ???. [8] [9] ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? 3.5 ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????????. [10]

?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? %10 ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????.

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???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? . [11] [12] ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? (??????) ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? .

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  1. ^ Disease Ontology (???????????), 27 May 2016, QID : Q5282129
  2. ^ . PMID : 24859303 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |????= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
  3. ^ Yamada T? Alpers DH ? ?????? (2009). Textbook of gastroenterology (?. 5th). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. ?. 2774?2784. ISBN : 978-1-4051-6911-0 .
  4. ^ "Esophagus Disorders" . Medline Plus . U.S. National Library of Medicine. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-07-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-23 .
  5. ^ What is a stomach ulcer Mama's Health. Retrieved on 2010-01-20 ???? ?????? 2017-06-30 ?? Wayback Machine [ ???? ?????? ]
  6. ^ Ali Nawaz Khan. "Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging" . ?????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-03-07 . Updated: Sep 22, 2016
  7. ^ Fernandes? Teresa? Oliveira? Maria I.? Castro? Ricardo? Araujo? Bruno? Viamonte? Barbara? Cunha? Rui (2014). "Bowel wall thickening at CT: simplifying the diagnosis". Insights into Imaging . ?. 5 ?. 2: 195?208. DOI : 10.1007/s13244-013-0308-y . ISSN : 1869-4101 .
  8. ^ "Elsevier: Gray's Anatomy, 40th Edition" . 1928. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-16.
  9. ^ "Lea Brothers and Co. 1907: Surgical Applied Anatomy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-06.
  10. ^ Gondolesi? G.? Ramisch? D.? Padin? J.? Almau? H.? Sandi? M.? Schelotto? P.B.? Fernandez? A.? Rumbo? C.? Solar? H. (15 ????? 2012). "What Is the Normal Small Bowel Length in Humans? First Donor-Based Cohort Analysis" . American Journal of Transplantation . Arlington, VA: American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. ?. 12: S49-S54. DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04148.x . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-05-09. ( ??????????? : {{{1}}} )?
  11. ^ Kapoor, Vinay Kumar (13 ????? 2011). Gest, Thomas R. (??????). "Large Intestine Anatomy" . Medscape . WebMD LLC. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-07-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-20 .
  12. ^ Gray, Henry (1918). Gray's Anatomy . Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-11-22.
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