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. ????? ???????? ????
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???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????.
????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? 1914 ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????
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. ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???
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. ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ≪?????≫ ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????
?????? ??????
?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????.
???? ????
[
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????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????. ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? 1915 ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? (??????????: Schweinemord) ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ???? 1916-1917 ≪???? ?????≫ ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? 1914 ??? ????? ??? 1919? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? 474000 ????.
[2]
[3]
1914-1915
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??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? 6000 ?? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? 25000 ???? ?????.
[4]
??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? (14-24 ?????). ????? 12 ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? (5-12 ??????). ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? 7 ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????.
[5]
?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? (17 ????? - 2 ??????)? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? 230.000 ????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????.
1916
[
???
]
???? ??? 1916 ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? 280,000 ?? ??????? ?????????? ?315000 ?? ?????????. ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? 400000 ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? 600000 ???? ?? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ≪???? ????????≫ ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? 150.000 ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? 770,000? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????.
[6]
1917
[
???
]
?? ????? ??? 1917? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ≪SAG≫? ??: ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ?? 17 ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? 1917? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.
??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? 1914 ?? ????? ??? 1917 ?????? ??? 1918 ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ≪???? ??????≫ ?? ?????.
[7]
[8]
1918
[
???
]
?? ???? 1918? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????.
???? ???? 1917-1918? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? 3000 ??? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????. ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????.
[9]
?????
[
???
]
- ^
Allan Millett (1991).
Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps
. Simon and Schuster. ?. 304. ????? ??
?????
?? 2019-12-15.
- ^
?
?
online
p 166, with 271,000 excess deaths in 1918 and 71,000 in 1919.
???? ??????
10 ?????? 2017 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
?
?
Cox, Mary Elisabeth (1 May 2015).
"Hunger games: or how the Allied blockade in the First World War deprived German children of nutrition, and Allied food aid subsequently saved them"
.
The Economic History Review
(???????????).
68
(2): 600?631.
DOI
:
10.1111/ehr.12070
.
ISSN
:
1468-0289
. Archived from
the original
on 2019-12-08.
- ^
Jeff Lipkes,
Rehearsals: The German Army in Belgium, August 1914
(2007)
- ^
Barbara Tuchman,
The Guns of August
(1962)
- ^
Fred R. Van Hartesveldt,
The Battles of the Somme, 1916: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography
(1996), pp. 26-27.
- ^
C.R.M.F. Cruttwell, A History of the Great War: 1914-1918 (1935) ch 15-29
- ^
Holger H. Herwig,
The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918
(1997) ch. 4-6.
- ^
Bruce I. Gudmundsson,
Stormtroop Tactics: Innovation in the German Army, 1914-1918
(1989), pp. 155-70.
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