??????? ???????

??????? ???????
??????? ?????
???????	2 ???? 1894 ; ???????
??????	21 ????? 1980 (86 ???) ; ?????
??????	??????? ????????
??? ??	?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????
?????? ???????
??????? ????	????? ????? ????????
????? ??????	??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ‏? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ‏
??????	?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????????
??????	???????
???? ?????	?????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???????
???? ??	????? ????? ????????
???????
	??????? ????????? ??????? (1979) ; ????? ??????? (1976) ; ????? ????? ; ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ; ??????? ??????? "???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????" ‏ ; ???? ????? ; ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? 1941-1945 ; ???? "???????? ??????? ??????? ??800 ??????" ‏ ; ??? ????? ????????? ; ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ‏ ; ???? ????? ???????
	????? ????? - ?????

??????? ?????????? ??????? ( ???????? : Алекса?ндр Ива?нович Опа?рин) (1894 ? 1980)? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? . ^[6]

????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? 1894? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1917 ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? 1927? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ^[7]? ?? ??? 1924 ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1935 ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ^[8]? ??? ??? 1970 ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? 21 ????? 1980 ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? .

??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? 1969? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1974? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? 1979 ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????.

????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ^[7]? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? 1922 ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????.

????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.

????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????.

?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? 1953 ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????.

?????? ???? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ???????????? ??? 1951? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? 1954 ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????.

??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1953? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????.

??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????.

????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? . ^[9]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? Gran Enciclopedia Catalana | Aleksandr Ivanovi? Oparin (???????????), Grup Enciclopedia, QID : Q2664168
^ ^? ^? Dalibor Brozovi?; Tomislav Ladan (1999). Hrvatska enciklopedija | Aleksandr Ivanovi? Oparin (??????????). Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krle?a. ISBN : 978-953-6036-31-8 . OCLC : 247866724 . OL : 120005M . QID : Q1789619 .
^ А. М. Прохоров , ed. (1969), Большая советская энциклопедия: [в 30 т.] (????????) (3rd ed.), Москва: Большая российская энциклопедия, Опарин Александр Иванович, OCLC : 14476314 , QID : Q17378135
^ Brockhaus Enzyklopadie | Alexander Iwanowitsch Oparin (??????????), QID : Q237227
^ https://www.unesco.org/en/prizes/popularization-science/laureates . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ ???????? ????????? ?????? , 3rd edition, entry on "Опарин", available online here ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2009-02-23 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2009-02-23 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ^? ^? ????? ??? (1999). The Biological Universe: The Twentieth Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate and the Limits of Science . ????? ????? ???????? . ?. 338?339. ISBN : 978-0-521-66361-8 .
^ Vadim J. Birstein. The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Westview Press (2004) ( ???? 0-8133-4280-5 )
^ Schopf, J. William (2001). Cradle of Life: The Discovery of Earth's Earliest Fossils . ??? ??? ????? ??????? . ?. 123 . ISBN : 978-0-691-08864-8 .

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????? ??? ???? Encyclopædia Britannica Online (??????????)

???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??????? ???????

[wikidata-ed296166a8bcc5b7e2ebe7ca4258ba0fe51f3b91-1] ? ^? Gran Enciclopedia Catalana | Aleksandr Ivanovi? Oparin (???????????), Grup Enciclopedia, QID : Q2664168

[wikidata-5affa2a1f2f197b1bf93185f87a88d9a7f06460b-2] ? ^? Dalibor Brozovi?; Tomislav Ladan (1999). Hrvatska enciklopedija | Aleksandr Ivanovi? Oparin (??????????). Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krle?a. ISBN : 978-953-6036-31-8 . OCLC : 247866724 . OL : 120005M . QID : Q1789619 .

[wikidata-13dea172b4e47d0eecfdd87d3064d7fb1b9ee5d6-3] А. М. Прохоров , ed. (1969), Большая советская энциклопедия: [в 30 т.] (????????) (3rd ed.), Москва: Большая российская энциклопедия, Опарин Александр Иванович, OCLC : 14476314 , QID : Q17378135

[wikidata-358ed231eb71773699fc3ae346762db0a05e1d7d-4] Brockhaus Enzyklopadie | Alexander Iwanowitsch Oparin (??????????), QID : Q237227

[wikidata-5a47b46c2502e83b1014864a90eba79828e7786f-5] ttps://www.unesco.org/en/prizes/popularization-science/laureates . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[GSE-6] ???????? ????????? ?????? , 3rd edition, entry on "Опарин", available online here ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2009-02-23 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2009-02-23 ?? Wayback Machine

[dick-7] ? ^? ????? ??? (1999). The Biological Universe: The Twentieth Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate and the Limits of Science . ????? ????? ???????? . ?. 338?339. ISBN : 978-0-521-66361-8 .

[8] Vadim J. Birstein. The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Westview Press (2004) ( ???? 0-8133-4280-5 )

[schopf123-9] Schopf, J. William (2001). Cradle of Life: The Discovery of Earth's Earliest Fossils . ??? ??? ????? ??????? . ?. 123 . ISBN : 978-0-691-08864-8 .

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