????? 9 ?.?

????? ??????
	↑ ??? ?????? ( ??????? ) ;
	??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ; ????? ?????? ?????? ???? (???) ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ; ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ; ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ; ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? (????) ? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ; ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????
	↓ ??? ????? ;

????? :	????? 10 ? ? ; ????? 9 ? ? ; ????? 8 ? ? ;
??? :	????? 90 ? ? ; ????? 89 ? ? ; ????? 88 ? ? ; ????? 87 ? ? ; ????? 86 ? ? ; ????? 85 ? ? ; ????? 84 ? ? ; ????? 83 ? ? ; ????? 82 ? ? ; ????? 81 ? ? ;

??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? 9000 ??? ??????? ?8001 ??? ??????? (??? 11 ??? 10 ???? ???). ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? 9700 ??? ??????? (??? 11.7 ??? ???). ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? .

?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ≪???????????≫ ??? ??? 9700 ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? 6236 ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????. ^[1]^[2]

???? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? 8500 ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ^[3]^[4]

???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? 5 ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? (??? ?? ??). ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? 8750 ??? ??????? (???????? ????? ???? ????????)? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? 8230 ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? 8130 ??? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? 6 ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? 15 ??????? ???? (3.6 ??? ????) ?? ??????. ^[5]

?????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????. ????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? 5 ?????? ??? ?? 10000 ??? ???????? ?????? ??? 40 ??????? ????? 5000 ??? ???????? ?100 ????? ????? ??? 1600 ??? ???????. ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? 0.027% ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????. ^[6]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 9000 ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 8500 ??? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? 8500 ??? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? 8200 ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? (??? ??? 7400 ??? ???????). ^[7]

?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? 8500 ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 2018 ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? 9335 ?9275 ??? ???????? ?????? ???? 800 ??? ??????? ??? 8525-8440 ??? ???????? ^[8] ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 8500 ??? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? . ^[9]

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ≪??????? ???????≫? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????. ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? 4500 ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? 300 ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ^[10]

??????????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? 8800 ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 9000 ??? 8000 ??? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????. ^[11]

?? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???. ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? (????? ????)? ??? ???? ???? ????. ^[12]

?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? 2006 ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????. ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ^[13]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? . ???? ??? ????? 27 ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 8500 ??? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ^[14]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Cohen? K. M.? Finney? S. C.? Gibbard? P. L.? Fan? J.-X. (???? 2019). "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF) . International Commission on Stratigraphy. ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2022-10-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-11-13 .
^ Mike Walker & others (14 ????? 2018). "Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period)" (PDF) . Episodes . Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS). ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2022-10-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-11-11 . This proposal on behalf of the SQS has been approved by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and formally ratified by the Executive Committee of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) .
^ Elias? Scott A.? Short? Susan K.? Nelson? C. Hans? Birks? Hilary H. (1996). "Life and Times of the Bering Land Bridge". Nature . ?. 382 ?. 6, 586: 60. Bibcode : 1996Natur.382...60E . DOI : 10.1038/382060a0 . S2CID : 4347413 .
^ Goebel? Ted? Waters, Michael R.? O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008). "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas". Science . ?. 319 ?. 5, 869: 1497?1502. Bibcode : 2008Sci...319.1497G . CiteSeerX : 10.1.1.398.9315 . DOI : 10.1126/science.1153569 . PMID : 18339930 . S2CID : 36149744 .
^ "Holocene Volcano List" . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution. 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-06-02 .
^ Biraben? Jean-Noel (1979). "Essai sur l'evolution du nombre des hommes". Population . ?. 34 ?. 1: 13?25. DOI : 10.2307/1531855 . JSTOR : 1531855 .
^ Thissen, L. 2002. Appendix I, "The CANeW 14C databases, Anatolia 10,000-5000 cal. BC". In "The Neolithic of Central Anatolia. Internal developments and external relations during the 9th?6th millennia cal BC", Proc. Int. CANeW Round Table , Istanbul 23?24 November 2001, edited by F. Gerard and L. Thissen. Istanbul: Ege Yayınları.
^ "Aeroe History" . Aeroe Island. 11 ?????? 2015. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-05-27 .
^ "Nuts give clue to 'oldest' Scots site" . BBC News . 26 ???? 2001. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-04-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-05-24 .
^ Perri? Angela R. (2016). "Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jomon Japan" (PDF) . Antiquity . ?. 90 ?. 353: 1166?1180. DOI : 10.15184/aqy.2016.115 . ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2022-10-09.
^ "Folsom complex" . Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-07-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-07-22 .
^ Carden? Natalia M.? Miotti? Laura L.? Blanco? Rocio V. (????? 2018). "New data on the rock paintings of Los Toldos" . Latin American Antiquity . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ?. 29 ?. 2: 293?310. DOI : 10.1017/laq.2017.83 . S2CID : 165615499 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-07-23 .
^ Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang; et al. (5 Feb 2020). "New evidence for an early settlement of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: The Chan Hol 3 woman and her meaning for the Peopling of the Americas" . PLOS ONE (???????????). 15 (2): e0227984. Bibcode : 2020PLoSO..1527984S . DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0227984 . ISSN : 1932-6203 . PMC : 7001910 . PMID : 32023279 .
^ Handwerk? Brian (20 ????? 2016). "An Ancient, Brutal Massacre May Be the Earliest Evidence of War" . Smithsonian Magazine . Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-07-22 .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????? 9 ?.?

[ICC-1] Cohen? K. M.? Finney? S. C.? Gibbard? P. L.? Fan? J.-X. (???? 2019). "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF) . International Commission on Stratigraphy. ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2022-10-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-11-13 .

[FRS-2] Mike Walker & others (14 ????? 2018). "Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period)" (PDF) . Episodes . Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS). ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2022-10-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-11-11 . This proposal on behalf of the SQS has been approved by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and formally ratified by the Executive Committee of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) .

[3] Elias? Scott A.? Short? Susan K.? Nelson? C. Hans? Birks? Hilary H. (1996). "Life and Times of the Bering Land Bridge". Nature . ?. 382 ?. 6, 586: 60. Bibcode : 1996Natur.382...60E . DOI : 10.1038/382060a0 . S2CID : 4347413 .

[4] Goebel? Ted? Waters, Michael R.? O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008). "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas". Science . ?. 319 ?. 5, 869: 1497?1502. Bibcode : 2008Sci...319.1497G . CiteSeerX : 10.1.1.398.9315 . DOI : 10.1126/science.1153569 . PMID : 18339930 . S2CID : 36149744 .

[5] "Holocene Volcano List" . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution. 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-06-02 .

[JNB-6] Biraben? Jean-Noel (1979). "Essai sur l'evolution du nombre des hommes". Population . ?. 34 ?. 1: 13?25. DOI : 10.2307/1531855 . JSTOR : 1531855 .

[7] Thissen, L. 2002. Appendix I, "The CANeW 14C databases, Anatolia 10,000-5000 cal. BC". In "The Neolithic of Central Anatolia. Internal developments and external relations during the 9th?6th millennia cal BC", Proc. Int. CANeW Round Table , Istanbul 23?24 November 2001, edited by F. Gerard and L. Thissen. Istanbul: Ege Yayınları.

[8] "Aeroe History" . Aeroe Island. 11 ?????? 2015. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-05-27 .

[9] "Nuts give clue to 'oldest' Scots site" . BBC News . 26 ???? 2001. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-04-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-05-24 .

[perri2016-10] Perri? Angela R. (2016). "Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jomon Japan" (PDF) . Antiquity . ?. 90 ?. 353: 1166?1180. DOI : 10.15184/aqy.2016.115 . ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2022-10-09.

[11] "Folsom complex" . Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-07-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-07-22 .

[12] Carden? Natalia M.? Miotti? Laura L.? Blanco? Rocio V. (????? 2018). "New data on the rock paintings of Los Toldos" . Latin American Antiquity . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ?. 29 ?. 2: 293?310. DOI : 10.1017/laq.2017.83 . S2CID : 165615499 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-07-23 .

[13] Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang; et al. (5 Feb 2020). "New evidence for an early settlement of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: The Chan Hol 3 woman and her meaning for the Peopling of the Americas" . PLOS ONE (???????????). 15 (2): e0227984. Bibcode : 2020PLoSO..1527984S . DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0227984 . ISSN : 1932-6203 . PMC : 7001910 . PMID : 32023279 .

[14] Handwerk? Brian (20 ????? 2016). "An Ancient, Brutal Massacre May Be the Earliest Evidence of War" . Smithsonian Magazine . Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-07-22 .

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