???? ???? ???????

???? ???? ???????
??????? ?????
????? ???????	??? 1920
????? ??????	??? 2007 (86–87 ???)
??????	??????
?????? ???????
??????? ????	????? ???????
??????	???? ? ?????
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ???? ??????? ( 1920 - 2007 ) ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? . ^[1]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? 1920 ????? ??? 2007 ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????. ^[1]^[2]

?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? 1925 ? - 1926 ???? ??? 1928 ? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? .

??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? 1939 ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1944? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? 1941 ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.

????? ????? ??????? ??? 1947 ????? ???? ??? 1950? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.

?? ??? 1955 ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? (??????? ???? ???) ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????.

?? ??? 1966 ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? (????????? ??????? ?????? ?????) ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? / ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????.

??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????.

????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? 1864 ? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? 1883 ? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1886? ??????????? 1887? ??????? ????? 1888? ??????? 1890 ? ?????? ???? 1891?????? 1892 ? ?????? 1895 ? ?????? 1907??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? 1909 ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? 1910? ?????? ??? 1914? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? 1920? .

?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? 1920 ? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???1925? · ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? / 1997? .

?????? ^[3][ ??? ]

?? ??? 1992 ? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????

???? ???? ?? 50 ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? 300 ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? 85 ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????

????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ????? .

????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? .

?? ??? 1970? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????.

?? ??? 1974 ? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????.

?? ??? 1977 ? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????.

?? ??? 1980 ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? .

?? ??? 1982 ? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????.

??? ( ????? ????????? ????????? ) ?????? ????? ??? ??? 1972 ? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? 1970 ???? ????? ????? ?? (?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????) ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? 1974.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ????? (??????) ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? 1952 ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????: ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? 1972 ? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????? .

????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? 40 ???? ??? 1966 ? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? 1974 ? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? 1980 ? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? 1992 ? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? 1939 ? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? (??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????..) ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? . ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? (????) 1941 ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???. ???? ???? ????? (????? ???? ?????!) ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? 1951 ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? (??????) ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? 1954 ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? 1955 ? ??? ??? ????? ???? (??????? ?????? ????? ??????) ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? 1965 ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????: (??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????).. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??.

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????: ^[4]

??? ????? (11 ????? ???????) ????? ??? ????? ?? 7 ?????? ??? ?? . ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ( ??? ?????? ) ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????

??? ????? ??????? - ???? ????? ? 1956 ? ? 1960 ? ? 1966? . ^[5]

???? ??????? ??????? 1960? .

???? ??????? ?? ?????? 1960? .

??????? ???????? 1962? .

??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? / ???? ????? / ?????? ?????? 1962 ?????? ??????? 1963? / ?????? ??????? 1964? .

?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? 1965? .

???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? 1966? ?? ???: (?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???)

????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????.

??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? .

??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????????.
??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? 1997 ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1972 ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.

?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1966 ? ?? ??????? .

????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? 2001 ? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? 2001 ? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????.. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??..

??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????.

??????? ???? ?????????.

????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? "?? ?????? / ??????? ??????? ????????" . www.aim-council.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-06-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-03-06 .
^ "?????????? - ???? ?????? ???? - ?? ???????? ??????: ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????" . www.algardenia.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-12-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-03-06 .
^ "????? ????? ????? - ???? ???? ???????" . www.odabasham.net . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-11-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-03-06 .
^ "??? ????????" . ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? . 25 ????? 2015. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-06-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-03-06 .
^ "??? ????? ???????" . Goodreads (???????????). Archived from the original on 2016-05-08 . Retrieved 2024-03-06 .

[مولد_تلقائيا1-1] ? ^? "?? ?????? / ??????? ??????? ????????" . www.aim-council.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-06-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-03-06 .

[2] "?????????? - ???? ?????? ???? - ?? ???????? ??????: ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????" . www.algardenia.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-12-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-03-06 .

[3] "????? ????? ????? - ???? ???? ???????" . www.odabasham.net . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-11-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-03-06 .

[4] "??? ????????" . ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? . 25 ????? 2015. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-06-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-03-06 .

[5] "??? ????? ???????" . Goodreads (???????????). Archived from the original on 2016-05-08 . Retrieved 2024-03-06 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

?????? [3] [ ??? ]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

?????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

?????? ^[3][ ??? ]